Emission factor from ITB EPD Program (Instytut Techniki Budowlanej) EPD, product-specific
Steel structures and steel structure components
Poland · Cradle to grave, embodied · Reference year 2023
Value per kilogram, over the modules the EPD declares
2.59kgCO₂e/kg
EN 15804 modules A1 to A5 · Fossil only · GWP100 · AR5
Derived by open-climate.ai: the sum of ITB EPD's published parts
The one scenario this EPD declaresReference year 2023
- Region
- Poland PL
- Boundary
- Cradle to grave, embodied
- Data quality
- HighRated by us, not by the source
- Licence
- Open · ITB EPD terms
- Declared by
- Valmont Polska Sp. z o.o.
- Declared unit
- Served per kilogram ÷ 1,000
Where 2.59 comes from
- A1-A3 Product stageDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 12.4795.4%
- Scope 3, cat. 40.08313.2%
- A5 InstallationScope 3, cat. 10.0000469<0.1%
- End of lifeDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 50.03671.4%
- Outside the scopes−0.816beside
Σ 2.59: the four declared modules add up to the total. D stays beside it.
Reporting this kilogram under the GHG Protocol
This period
Scope 3, category 1 2.47 Scope 3, category 4 0.0831
You buy the product for a building that is not yours. The product and its installation go to category 1, the delivery to category 4. The use stage belongs to the building owner; demolition waste you handle is category 5.
Later, when it happens
At end of life, in the year of demolition
- End of life Scope 3, category 5 0.0367
Outside the scopes, reported separately
- D −0.816
B1 to B7 and C1 to C4 are not declared: nothing to report.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Materials › Metals · Poland · per kg · Supplier-specific
Cradle to grave, embodied · Fossil only · AR5
- BoundaryCradle to grave, embodiedThe whole life cycle EXCEPT the use stage: cradle_to_gate plus distribution to site, installation and end-of-life (EN 15804 A1-A3 + A4 + A5 + C1-C4). Learn more
- Cradle to grave, embodied
- Raw materials, inbound transport, fuel supply, fuel combustion, manufacturing, packaging, purchased energy, installation, outbound transport and end of life
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- IPCC AR5, 100-year horizon
- Not on the record; set from ITB EPD's method notes · impact method EF 3.0
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic CO₂ and land use; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil only
- Split by carbon origin, not by gas
- Life cycle
- Upstream: coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: partly coveredEnd of life: covered
High quality · Open licence · Any year
Module by module, up to the total
Seventeen EN 15804 modules, always in the same order. Each declared one moves the running total. D sits below zero after the total, because it is reported beside it.
beside the total, not in it
| Module | Name | Per kilogram | Per t as declared | Running total | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Raw material supply | 1.84 | 1,840 | 1.84 | Declared |
| A2 | Transport to the plant | 0.208 | 208 | 2.048 | Declared |
| A3 | Manufacturing | 0.425 | 425 | 2.473 | Declared |
| A4 | Transport to site | 0.0831 | 83.1 | 2.5561 | Declared |
| A5 | Installation | 0.0000469 | 0.0469 | 2.55615 | Declared |
| B1 | Use | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B2 | Maintenance | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B3 | Repair | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B4 | Replacement | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B5 | Refurbishment | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B6 | Energy in use | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| B7 | Water in use | not declared | 2.55615 | Not declared | |
| C1 | Demolition | 0.00704 | 7.04 | 2.56319 | Declared |
| C2 | Waste transport | 0.022 | 22 | 2.58519 | Declared |
| C3 | Waste processing | 0.00704 | 7.04 | 2.59223 | Declared |
| C4 | Disposal | 0.000632 | 0.632 | 2.59286 | Declared |
| Total | EPD total, declared modules | 2.59286 | 2,592.86 | Sum of the declared modules | |
| D | Beyond the system boundary | −0.816 | −816 | not added | Beside the total, not in it |
Scenarios and units
Some EPDs price a module under several scenarios, such as different end-of-life routes. Each gets a tab, and each module's default is marked.
One scenario, as declared
Every module has one value, so there is nothing to choose.
- Per t, as declared2,592.86
- Per kilogram, served2.59286
What this number covers
Follow one kilogram of this product through EN 15804's stages. The total counts what the EPD declares; what it leaves out stays visible.
A1-A3Product
Materials and making the product
Included2.47A4-A5Construction
Delivery and installation
Included0.0831B1-B7Use
The product in service: maintenance, repair, replacement and the energy and water it uses
Not declaredC1-C4End of life
From demolition to disposal
Included0.0367DBeyond the boundary
Recovery after end of life
Not in the total−0.816
Outside this boundary
- Maintenance
- Retail
- Use phase
- Recycling credit
Maintenance is out because B2 is not declared. The recycling credit is module D, shown beside the total.
Gases
- Fossil CO₂e2.59
- Biogenic CO₂e−0.0502
- Land-use CO₂e0.00189
The total counts fossil CO₂e. ITB EPD reports biogenic and land-use CO₂e separately; they are shown beside it, not added.
From ITB EPD's record to a comparable factor
ITB EPD publishes this EPD with one value per module. Each field as printed, and what open-climate.ai made of it.
The total and its modules
Use a module on its own when you report it in a different year or scope; never add one to the total.
About this factor
From ITB EPD
What it is
The data selected for LCA originate from ITB-LCI questionnaires completed by Valmont Polska Sp.z o.o. and verified during data audit. No data collected is older than five years and no genericdatasets used are older than ten years. The representativeness, completeness, reliability, andconsistency is judged as good. The background data for the processes come from the followingresources database Ecoinvent v.3.9.1 (steel, welding, paints, polyester, polyethylene terephthalateproduction, EUR-flat pallet, structural timber). Specific (LCI) data quality analysis was a part of theinput data verification. Where no background data was available, data gaps were complemented bymanufacturer information and literature research. The allocation rules used for this EPD are based on general ITB’s document PCR A. Production of the covered steel products is a line process (as presented in Figure 1) conducted in the manufacturing plant located in Siedlce (Poland). Input and output data from the production is inventoried and allocated to the production on the mass basis. The declaration covers a wide range of steel products. Their production resources and processing stages are basicly similar, so it is possible to average the production by product weight. The production process carried out at another company's plant is galvanizing and optional special coating, which was included in the calculations. Minimum 99.0% input materials and 100% energy consumption (electricity, gas, LPG, other) were inventoried in a processing plant and were included in the calculation. In the assessment, all significant parameters from gathered production data are considered, i.e. all material used per formulation, utilized thermal energy, and electric power consumption, direct production waste and available emission measurements. Tires consumption for transport was not considered. Substances with a percentage share of less than 0.1% of total mass were excluded from the calculations. The packaging products (wooden pallets) are included. Modules A5, B1-B5 are not assessed. In B1-B5, only marginal maintenance is required.What it includes
-Where it applies
Valmont Polska Sp. z o. o. at the plant in Siedlce produces steel lighting, signaling, tram and power poles and high masts The production process is partially automated and is based on the acceptance of metallurgical materials for production (steel coils or steel sheets) and then cold processing of steel (unwinding, cutting, bending). The shaped elements are welded longitudinally by one of the following three methods, depending on the technological process: ? SAW (submerged arc welding) – submerged arc welding, ? PAW (plasma arc welding) – plasma welding, ? ERW (electric resistance welding) – electric resistance welding. The structure is finished in black, including welding of the base and accessories, using MIG-MAG welding and mechanical methods - cutting, grinding, burning. The products are protected against corrosion by hot-dip galvanizing in external galvanizing plants, and can optionally be powder coated or hydrodynamically coated in external painting shops. The steel columns covered by this EPD are manufactured in several conicities made out of hot-rolled steel sheet with few thicknesses and grades based on customer requirements and local norms. The product range is presented in the product catalogue and is described in terms of material, shape, height, taper, together with the conditions of use (passive safety).Depending on the type, the pole is circular or octagonal in cross-section. -Source and licence
- Value
- Summed by open-climate.ai from its parts
- Publisher
- ITB EPD
- Published
- 2 October 2026
- Valid until
- 31 December 2028
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
ITB EPD Program, programme operator Instytut Techniki Budowlanej (ITB), EPD data from https://itb.lca-data.com. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/itb_epd/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-itbepd-steel_structures_and-pl-kg-cradle_to_grave_embodied-f56b7f9e/?v=efv1-3c97f9b6b33d28e37b058e6ecb7ea3fe
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