Emission factor from Kiwa-EE EPD, industry average

Kiln dried rough sawn spruce timber

Finland · EPD total · Reference year 2024

Each litre of this product counts as 0.0481 kg CO₂e over the modules its EPD declares: 0.0338 to make it (A1–A3) and 0.0143 at demolition (C2, C3, C4).

Value per litre, over the modules the EPD declares

0.0481kgCO₂e/L

EN 15804 modules A1 to C4 · Fossil only · GWP100 · AR5

Derived by open-climate.ai: the sum of Kiwa-EE's published parts

The one scenario this EPD declaresReference year 2024

Region
Finland FI
Boundary
EPD total
Data quality
MediumRated by us, not by the source
Licence
Open · Kiwa-EE terms
Declared by
Mustola Timber Oy
Declared unit
Served per litre ÷ 1,000

Where 0.0481 comes from

Derived by open-climate.ai

Σ 0.0481: the four declared modules add up to the total. D stays beside it.

Reporting this litre under the GHG Protocol

This period

Scope 3, category 1 0.0338

You buy the product for a building that is not yours. The product and its installation go to category 1, the delivery to category 4. The use stage belongs to the building owner; demolition waste you handle is category 5.

Later, when it happens

At end of life, in the year of demolition

  • C2 Scope 3, category 5 0.00987
  • C3 Scope 3, category 5 0.0039
  • C4 Scope 3, category 5 0.000561

Outside the scopes, reported separately

  • D −0.0201

A4, A5, B1 to B7 and C1 are not declared: nothing to report.

CiteAPI

The factor, standardised

Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.

Materials › Paper and wood · Finland · per L · Average

EPD total · Fossil only · AR5

Boundary
EPD total
Raw materials, inbound transport, fuel supply, fuel combustion, manufacturing, packaging, purchased energy and end of life
GWP method
IPCC AR5, 100-year horizon
Not on the record; set from Kiwa-EE's method notes · impact method EF 3.0
CO₂e basis
Fossil only
Split by carbon origin, not by gas
Life cycle
Upstream: coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not coveredEnd of life: partly covered

Medium quality · Open licence · Any year

Module by module, up to the total

Seventeen EN 15804 modules, always in the same order. Each declared one moves the running total. D sits below zero after the total, because it is reported beside it.

kgCO₂e per litre. Each bar starts where the one before ended. Pick a module to read it.
Product
Con­struc­tion
A4 to A5not de­clared
Use
B1 to B7not de­clared
End of life
C1not de­clared
Beyond the boundary

beside the total, not in it

Scenarios and units

Some EPDs price a module under several scenarios, such as different end-of-life routes. Each gets a tab, and each module's default is marked.

This factor

One scenario, as declared

Every module has one value, so there is nothing to choose.

  • Per m³, as declared48.1483
  • Per litre, served0.0481483

What this number covers

Follow one litre of this product through EN 15804's stages. The total counts what the EPD declares; what it leaves out stays visible.

  1. A1-A3Product

    Materials and making the product

    Included0.0338
  2. A4-A5Construction

    Delivery and installation

    Not declared
  3. B1-B7Use

    The product in service: maintenance, repair, replacement and the energy and water it uses

    Not declared
  4. C1-C4End of life

    Waste transport to disposal; C1 not declared

    C2 to C40.0143
  5. DBeyond the boundary

    Recovery after end of life

    Not in the total−0.0201

Outside this boundary

  • Installation
  • Maintenance
  • Outbound transport
  • Retail
  • Use phase
  • Recycling credit

Maintenance is out because B2 is not declared. The recycling credit is module D, shown beside the total.

Gases

  • Fossil CO₂e0.0481
  • Biogenic CO₂e0.468
  • Land-use CO₂e0.000789

The total counts fossil CO₂e. Kiwa-EE reports biogenic and land-use CO₂e separately; they are shown beside it, not added.

From Kiwa-EE's record to a comparable factor

Kiwa-EE publishes this EPD with one value per module. Each field as printed, and what open-climate.ai made of it.

The total and its modules

Use a module on its own when you report it in a different year or scope; never add one to the total.

You are here · the EPD total0.0481
D beside−0.0201
The four modules add up to the total; D stays beside it. Each opens its own page.

About this factor

From Kiwa-EE

What it is

This EPD is product-specific and Cradle-to-Gate with modules C1-C4 and D. This EPD is based on a declared unit for 1m³. The product is kiln dried rough sawn timber, from spruce raw logs, covering all available sizes of sawn kiln-dried timber produced by Mustola Timber saw mill in Lappeenranta. The raw material which is used in production is Finnish spruce, delivered as raw logs by to suppliers from nearby forests. The timber is dried and sawed to the dimensions. Wood continuously shaped along any of its edges or faces (CPC 3121). Finished sawn timber is packed in bundles and transported to customers. This declaration applies to one cubic meter of timber. Dried sawn timber has an average density of 475 kg/m³, small variance occurs as wood is a hygroscopic material always containing some residual moisture. The biogenic carbon content has been adjusted in accordance with EN 16449 assuming a moisture content of 10% (u = 10%). During the data collection year 2023, Mustola Timber Oy has had valid Certifications for PEFC ST (started 6.8.2019, Inspecta Sertifiointi Oy) and FSC (started 28.12.2022, Inspecta Sertifiointi Oy). Dimensions for sawn timber vary between different lengths and sizes. Lengths: 3.6m-5.4m (3.6m - 4m - 4.5m - 4.8m- 5.1m - 5.4m) Sizes (thickness - width): 72x72 mm42x123 mm47x200 mm72x86 mm42x148 mm50x100 mm20x96 mm44x100 mm50x125 mm21x100 mm44x123 mm50x150 mm25x100 mm44x148 mm50x175 mm30x100 mm44x175 mm50x180 mm32x200 mm47x100 mm50x200 mm38x200 mm47x124 mm63x150 mm41x148 mm47x125 mm 42x100 mm47x150 mm Concerning packaging materials of plastic hoods for dried timber, Mustola Timber Oy uses different lengths of hoods; 3.98m/4.28m/4.58m/4.88m/5.18m. All process-specific data was collected from the period of 1.1.2023-31.12.2023 and is therefore up-to-date. The data is based on the annual average and it is collected directly from the company and can be described as good. In order to ensure comparability of the results, only consistent background data of the ecoinvent database was used in the LCA (e.g., records on energy, transportation, supplies). The database is regularly reviewed and thus complies with the requirements of EN 15804 (background data not older than 10 years). All consistent datasets contained in the ecoinvent database are documented and can be viewed in the online ecoinvent documentation. The Life Cycle was modelled with the R<THINK EPD App. The scenarios included are currently in use and are representative for one of the most likely scenario alternatives. According to the criteria's "UN Environmental Global Guidance on LCA database development" mentioned in the EN 15804+A2, the data quality for all three representativeness categories (geographical, technical and time) can be described as good. Extraordinary attention has also been given to fulfil the demands for wood based materials given in EN 15941:2024, Sustainability of construction works. Data quality for environmental assessment of products and construction work. The impact assessment results are based on the EF 3.1 characterization factors implemented in the R<THINK LCA software. The latest characterization factors available in the software at the time of the study were applied. The quality level of geographical representativeness can be considered “good”. The quality level of technical representativeness can be considered “good”. The time representativeness can also be regarded as “good”. The overall data quality for this EPD can, therefore, be described as “good”. All relevant process-specific data were collected during data collection. In all possible cases, primary data from Mustola Timber Oy was used, which has a very good data quality because it comes directly from the source. The delivery distances for the raw logs are given as an average in 2023. The locations of log collection points change during the year, so for the EPD calculation both log suppliers have provided average delivery distances. The average delivery distances have been taken into account in Module A2. The transportation distances from the suppliers are partly collected information from Mustola Timber Oy and partly calculated as an assumption, because the method for transportation can change during the year via road or sea. Dried sawn timber is manufactured at the same plant as other Mustola Timber Oy´s products. This is taken into consideration in the calculation. Energy of the production is allocated for all made products. The energy used for drying is reported separately in the input data and is directly given as its own. The kiln stick used during drying and packaging is re-usable. They are reused about ten (10) times, which is included in the consumption volume. Based on EN 15804+A2, the end-of-life system boundary of the product system is set, where outputs of the system under study have reached the end-of-waste state. Thus, waste processing of the material flows during any module of the product system (e.g. the production stage, end-of-life stage) are included up to the system boundary of the respective module. A product reaches its end-of-waste state, when there is a market for the recovered product and when the recovered product fulfills the technical requirements for the specific purposes and meets the legislation and standards applicable to the product. Therefore producers of waste bear the burden of the waste treatment, based on the “polluter pays” principle. Consumers of recycled products receive them burden-free.

What it includes

Not declared in this document.

Where it applies

Once the dried sawn timber is transported to customer, it is unpacked and used for intended purpose. Dried sawn timber can be used for example in the building industry or reprocessing as sawn timber to other timber products, for example: building industry carpenter´s work pieces of furniture

Source and licence

Value
Summed by open-climate.ai from its parts
Publisher
Kiwa-Ecobility Experts EPD programme (Kiwa GmbH)
Published
2 October 2026
Valid until
31 December 2031
See the source data at Kiwa-EE

The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.

Credit it with this lineKiwa-Ecobility Experts EPD programme (Kiwa GmbH), EPD data from https://kiwa.lca-data.com
A plain reading of the licence, not legal advice. The licence text prevails.

Cite this factor

Kiwa-Ecobility Experts EPD programme (Kiwa GmbH), EPD data from https://kiwa.lca-data.com. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/kiwa_ee/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-kiwaee-kiln_dried_rough_sawn-fi-l-epd_total-4921c5b9/?v=efv1-0951c3aa3241569cb8c145c9f57cc157

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