worldsteel - World Steel Association (worldsteel)

Cradle-to-gate, end-of-life and recycling-credit greenhouse gas intensity of 16 steel products at global, Asian, European and Latin American scope, per kg of steel, plus the crude-steel GHG and CO2 intensity per production route, from the World Steel Association's LCA eco-profiles and sustainability indicators.

Non-profit

SpecialistOpen licence

Publisher's page Browse 176 factors

Factors

176

Values

197

One per year and method

Regions

Edition

2026-release + 2025

published 1 Apr 2026 · all versions

Last loaded

9 Oct 2026

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Overview

The World Steel Association (worldsteel) is the international association of steel producers, based in Brussels. It publishes two open series we load. Its LCA eco-profiles give the life-cycle impact of a steel product as an industry average, one page and one PDF per product, region and sector. Its yearly sustainability indicators give the emissions per tonne of crude steel cast.

We load the 2026 release of the eco-profiles (published April 2026, production data 2020 to 2024) and the Sustainability Indicators 2025 publication (February 2026). worldsteel also holds a full life-cycle inventory, supplied on request for one study only; we do not load it.

At a glance

Publisher: World Steel Association (worldsteel)
Kind: Non-profit
Scope: SpecialistOne category holds at least 5% of its factors: Materials, with 100.0%. A generalist needs 4.
Home region: Belgium
Edition: 2026-release + 2025
Licence: Open licence (worldsteel-site-terms)

Open data

How this works

What open-climate.ai standardised

over the publisher's own fileHow we standardise

One category axis

176 of 176 factor values mapped to one category

Learn more 6 checks behind this

Coded regions

4 regions as ISO or registry codes

3 take the publisher's default region, stated rather than assumed

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Canonical units

1 canonical unit in 1 unit families, raw unit kept

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Warming potentials

0 factor values recalculated on AR6

172 factor values already on AR6

4 factor values left on the publisher's GWP

Learn more 7 checks behind this · 1 known limitation

7 more things standardised

Declared boundaries

4 boundary codes

43 factor values state in, out or varies for each scope term

Learn more 8 checks behind this

Parts and parents

129 factor values grouped under 47 parents

Use a part on its own, or the parent when you want the whole.

Learn more 4 checks behind this

Summed totals

43 totals summed from their printed parts

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Data quality

176 of 176 factor values rated on one quality tier

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Languages

English: 100.0% of factor values

German: 100.0% of factor values

French: 100.0% of factor values

Learn more 11 checks behind this

Traceable to the source

68 source rows archived

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Stable addresses

Slugs never break

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Audit checks

133 passed1 known limitation3 enforced when loadedlast run 28 Oct 2026

Checks we run on every load to keep the data above trustworthy. Counts are for this library; the grey figure is the same check across all libraries. Point at the i to see why a check matters.

What the statuses mean How checks are counted Why we check How checks are grouped

Needs attention

Values that exclude a carbon pool list the gases behind the total
Known limitation · 4 in this library · 180,648 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm that a fossil-only or biogenic-CO2-excluded total really leaves those pools out. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.

One category axis

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Every source category maps to our vocabulary
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters A factor with no category drops out of every category filter and comparison. The load stops rather than serve one.
The publisher's classification is kept
Passed
Why it matters You can still find a factor the way the publisher filed it, and check our mapping against theirs.
Every classification level has a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A broken tree hides factors from browse and puts them in the wrong category totals.
Every product code comes with the codes above it
Passed
Why it matters In product codes like HS or CPC, a search for a chapter should reach every code inside it. A missing level hides the factor from that search.
A publisher's own classification is used only by that publisher
Passed
Why it matters A publisher's own tree only makes sense inside its library. Filed under another publisher's codes, a factor would show up in categories that do not describe it.
A standard classification code has one label in every library
Passed
Why it matters Codes like NACE or NAICS are meant to link libraries. If one code carries two labels, you cannot tell whether both libraries mean the same activity.

Coded regions

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Every region is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Free text like “France continentale” cannot be filtered or joined to your own data. A code can.
No named region is filed under a broader one
Passed
Why it matters A French factor filed as World would be applied to the wrong country, or lose to a global value in a search for France.
Every region sits in the world hierarchy
Passed
Why it matters A search for Europe has to reach France. A region outside the hierarchy is invisible to broader searches.

Canonical units

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Every unit is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Activity data only multiplies correctly when the unit is exact. An unknown unit stops the load.
One source unit maps to one unit
Passed
Why it matters If one of the publisher's units were read as two different units, factors that share it would give inconsistent footprints.
A unit label means the same in every library
Passed
Why it matters Comparing two libraries is only safe when a label like t.km means tonne-kilometre in both.
A unit label that names no basis folds one way
Passed · 2 in all libraries
Why it matters A label like GJ says nothing about the heating value behind it. If the same bare label folds to two different units, two factors that look alike are not comparable.

Declared boundaries

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Every boundary states what it includes
Passed
Why it matters Cradle-to-gate and full life-cycle values can differ several times over. Without a stated boundary you cannot tell which you are adding up.
Boundary scope terms are known codes
Passed
Why it matters Consistent terms let you keep exactly the life-cycle stages your inventory needs.
No two factors for the same activity partly overlap in scope
Passed
Why it matters Two totals that share some stages but not all cannot safely be added or swapped: adding them counts the shared stages twice.
Separate stages of one activity are linked as parts
Passed
Why it matters Stages served as unrelated factors give no total, so you may use one stage and miss the others.
Every part of a factor states its boundary
Passed
Why it matters A part with an unknown boundary cannot be told apart from the other parts, so you cannot pick out, say, the combustion share of a total.
Every biofuel counted with its biogenic CO2 says how much
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers count the CO2 a burnt biofuel releases and others leave it out. Search tells the counting ones apart by their biogenic CO2 figure, so a factor without it would be offered to someone who asked to leave that CO2 out.
No recycling credit is hidden inside a life-cycle total
Passed
Why it matters A negative total may be a credit for avoided emissions. Filed as a life-cycle burden, it would quietly subtract emissions from your footprint.
No burden value hides a credit inside it
Passed · 217 in all libraries
Why it matters When a value that leaves biogenic carbon out is negative, that usually means a credit was subtracted inside it. Used as a burden, it lowers your footprint by a saving that is not yours to claim.

Warming potentials

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Methane and nitrous oxide figures match the stated GWP
Passed
Why it matters If a gas's CO2e is not its mass times the stated GWP, the GWP label is wrong, and converting the value to another GWP version would give a wrong result.
Every convertible value has its AR6 version
Passed
Why it matters Reporting now asks for AR6. Mixing AR5 and AR6 shifts methane-heavy totals by several percent.
CO2e totals leave out what their basis excludes
Passed
Why it matters A value's basis names the carbon pools its total leaves out. When the gas breakdown shows the total counting one of them anyway (biogenic CO2, land-use change, or biogenic methane on a fossil-only value), the label or the total is wrong.
Values that exclude a carbon pool list the gases behind the total
Known limitation · 4 in this library · 180,648 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm that a fossil-only or biogenic-CO2-excluded total really leaves those pools out. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.
Standardised figures keep every gas the publisher lists
Passed
Why it matters The comparable figure we serve must carry each gas the publisher reported. A lost gas makes the breakdown disagree with the total and hides that gas from you.
Every value states what its CO2e total includes
Passed
Why it matters For a biofuel, a total with or without biogenic CO2 can differ widely. Without that convention you cannot tell which one you are comparing.
A library with no AR6 version at all has a recorded reason
Passed
Why it matters Values that cannot be converted to AR6 cannot be compared with AR6 figures. That has to be a documented decision, not something missed at load.

Parts and parents

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Every part links to a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A part that points nowhere gets summed twice or dropped when you use the parent total.
No factor is an unlinked part of another factor
Passed
Why it matters If one stage of a total is also served on its own, beside that total, adding both counts the same emissions twice.
No part is larger than the total it belongs to
Passed
Why it matters A part of a total cannot exceed it unless another part is negative. Where one does, either the total or the part is misprinted, and the two give different footprints for the same purchase.
Every factor points to its top parent
Passed
Why it matters Search groups parts under their top factor. A stale link shows a part as a stand-alone result.

Summed totals

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Summed totals equal their parts on every gas
Passed
Why it matters Where a total is the sum of its parts, the two must agree on every gas. Otherwise your footprint changes depending on whether you use the total or the parts.
No total is served when one of its parts is withheld
Passed
Why it matters Where we add up a total from its parts and one part is rated too poor to serve, the total is held back with it. Otherwise you would get a figure that rests on a number we do not stand behind.
Every summed total has a classification when its parts do
Passed
Why it matters A total with no classification drops out of every category filter, even though its parts are filed there.
Summed totals keep their parts' classification
Passed
Why it matters A total takes a classification only when all its parts share it. Otherwise it lands in a category its parts do not support, or misses one they all share.

Data quality

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Quality ratings fall inside their scale
Passed
Why it matters An out-of-scale rating cannot be compared, so the value would be ranked arbitrarily.
Every zero value is explained
Passed
Why it matters A zero can be real (contracted renewable power) or a gap in the data. A gap read as real erases emissions from your total.
No default value is withheld for poor quality
Passed
Why it matters A default rated too poor to serve is hidden from search and exports, so that factor is missing for you even when it is the right one.
No implausibly high per-kilogram value is rated reliable
Passed
Why it matters Above 1,000 kgCO2e per kg is often a unit slip, such as grams read as kilograms. Rated reliable, such a value could inflate a footprint a thousandfold.
Every quality level gives a recognised reason
Passed
Why it matters The reason explains why a value got its quality level. An unrecognised one cannot be filtered on or explained to you.
A zero that is only a gap in the source is withheld
Passed
Why it matters A zero with no quality signal, or an implausible regulatory default of zero, is more likely missing data than a real zero. Served, it would erase emissions from your total.
The library is not rated entirely on one fallback quality level
Passed
Why it matters When every value gets the same level because the publisher gives no quality signal, the level tells you nothing and cannot rank one value above another.

Languages

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Every factor has an English name
Passed
Why it matters Every factor can be searched and cited in one shared language, whatever the publisher's.
Translations match the current source text
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher rewords a label, an old translation can describe a different activity than the one priced.
Translations follow a corrected source text
Passed
Why it matters When we correct an English label, a French or German label translated from the old wording can still describe what the old wording said.
Recorded translations survive a reload
Passed
Why it matters A reload rewrites a library's labels; a translation we recorded and did not put back leaves that factor without a label in that language.
Every served factor has a name
Passed
Why it matters A factor with no name in any language shows as a blank row: you cannot search for it or tell what it measures.
Factors are searched on their English name where one exists
Passed · 26 in all libraries
Why it matters Search matches your query against one name per factor. A name kept in the publisher's language, when an English one exists, is harder to find in English.
Every language with a main name also has a full name
Passed
Why it matters Without the full name, the detail that tells similar factors apart is missing in that language, so two different factors can look identical.
Full names are built from their parts in the same language
Passed
Why it matters A full name must read as the main name followed by its detail. Translated separately, it can drift and describe a slightly different activity.
Every text is labelled with its real language
Passed
Why it matters A French name labelled English would be shown to English readers and matched against English searches.
Every description is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters A description missing from the per-language text store is not shown in your language, and never gets translated.
Every usage note is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters Names and notes are served from one text store per language. A note missing from that store is not shown, and never gets translated.

Traceable to the source

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Values traced to one source row agree with each other
Passed
Why it matters Each value traces back to one source row. When values that disagree share a row, it can back only one of them, which weakens that audit trail.
No duplicate factors are served
Passed
Why it matters Identical duplicates split search results and invite counting the same factor twice.
No factor value claims two things that cannot both be true
Passed
Why it matters For example, a purchaser price that leaves out retail or delivery. One of the two claims is wrong, and you cannot tell which.
No energy factor answers a question about packaging or recycling
Passed · 169 in all libraries
Why it matters Packaging and recycling credits belong to goods. On a value per kilowatt-hour they usually mean the boundary was read from the wrong kind of factor. A declared product sold per kilowatt-hour can still carry them, so each case is reviewed.
No factor value the publisher has withdrawn is still served
Passed · 14,770 in all libraries
Why it matters The publisher's end date for the value has passed. The figure may be out of date, so look for a newer one before you use it.

Other checks

One activity keeps one family across its units
Passed · 8 in all libraries
Why it matters When a publisher prints the same activity per kg and per kWh, the two factors belong to one activity family, with the unit as a choice. Filed as separate activities, they look unrelated, and nothing says they measure the same thing.
An activity's grouping key names only the activity
Passed · 12 in all libraries
Why it matters If the key also carried the unit, country or scope, one activity would split into several, and search would not show you its other versions side by side.
A Creative Commons credit names its licence
Passed
Why it matters CC BY asks you to say which licence applies. A credit that leaves it out makes your attribution incomplete when you copy it.
No note of ours appears in the credit or licence notice
Passed
Why it matters Our own notes on how we handle the data would end up in the credit you reproduce, as if the publisher had written them.
The credit line carries no terms of use
Passed
Why it matters You copy the credit line as it stands. Terms of use belong in the licence notice, which you read rather than reproduce.
Every impact assessment method is a recognised code
Passed
Why it matters Free text in place of a code splits one method into several spellings, so filtering by method misses some of its values.
Green-electricity zeros are not rated below market-based peers
Passed
Why it matters A green-contract zero is the contract's own figure. Marked down for being zero, it would lose to less relevant values when you look up contracted supply.
An avoided credit is linked to the burden it belongs to
Passed
Why it matters Served on its own, a credit reads as a factor in its own right. Linked beside its burden, it applies only where it belongs and is never subtracted twice.
Every value is typed as specific, generic or average
Passed
Why it matters The type says how closely a figure fits the product you bought. Any other word would be invisible to a filter on it.
The market-based value is the default
Passed
Why it matters The default then matches the figure most Scope 2 reports lead with, and a green-tariff zero is never the default when another figure exists.
Validity dates are the publisher's own, never guessed
Passed
Why it matters A start date we invented looks just like one the publisher printed, and would hide correct factor values from a search for what applied on a given date.
Every district-heat factor says whether the network's heat loss is included
Passed · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters Heat is lost in the pipes between the plant and the building. Only the publisher can say whether a factor divides by heat produced or heat delivered, so a factor that leaves it unsaid is listed until its library's method is read.
Quality breakdowns use their scheme's axes
Passed
Why it matters A score on an axis the scheme does not define, or off its scale, cannot be read, so the breakdown behind a rating would mislead.
No battery-electric vehicle carries tailpipe emissions
Passed · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters An electric vehicle has no tailpipe. A non-zero combustion figure means its electricity emissions sit in the wrong place, or are counted twice.
The text of each estimated electricity total matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters The description of an estimated electricity total states its year, mix, quality and the parts it adds up. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
Every estimated factor carries its description in each language
Passed
Why it matters An estimated factor is one we computed, not one a publisher printed. Its description says so and names the data behind it. Without it, you could not tell the estimate from a published figure.
The text of each estimated factor matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters An estimated factor's description states the year, shares and quality behind it. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
A total built on an estimated part is marked as estimated
Passed
Why it matters If the total lost the mark, you would read a figure we partly computed as one the publisher printed.
Every estimate is built only from data we may redistribute
Passed
Why it matters An estimate derived from restricted data would pass that data on under our open licence, which its owner never allowed.
No estimated factor is rated above the data it was built from
Passed
Why it matters An estimate cannot be more reliable than its inputs. Rating it higher would lead you to trust it more than a published figure.
No estimate sits beside a total of unclear scope
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher does not say whether its total includes a stage, our estimate of that stage may count it twice. These cases are listed for review.
No estimate repeats a stage the publisher's total already includes
Passed
Why it matters If the publisher's figure already covers, say, grid losses, adding our estimate of those losses would count them twice and overstate your emissions.
Every factor we complete has all of its estimated parts
Passed · 25 in all libraries
Why it matters If one part, such as grid losses, is missing where the others were estimated, a total built from them silently leaves that part out.
No estimate is served where the publisher printed the figure
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher states the number itself, theirs is the one to use. An estimate beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
We only estimate for publishers whose rule allows it
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers print every part themselves, or are deliberately left as they are. An estimate added to them would mix our numbers into theirs, against the rule set for that library.
Every estimated factor still matches the inputs it was computed from
Passed
Why it matters When an input is revised or withdrawn, the estimate built on it is out of date until it is recomputed.
No estimated total competes with a published one
Passed
Why it matters Where the publisher prints a total for the same activity, region and year, an estimated total beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
Every factor with a current value has a default
Passed
Why it matters A factor with values but no default is left out of the served catalogue, so you would never find it in search or exports.
Every factor has a value, in a library that publishes values
Passed
Why it matters A factor listed with no number looks like a match in search but gives you nothing to calculate with.
The text of each fuel supply-chain estimate matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters Its description states the year, the figures, the ratio and the quality behind the estimate. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
No fuel supply-chain estimate is rated above what its method allows
Passed
Why it matters Each way of estimating a fuel's supply chain has a highest rating it can earn, and an estimate never outranks the combustion figure it builds on. A better rating would lead you to trust it more than it deserves.
Every fuel estimate is built only from data we may redistribute
Passed
Why it matters An estimate derived from restricted data would pass that data on under our open licence, which its owner never allowed.
Every fuel eligible for a supply-chain estimate is classified
Passed
Why it matters The supply-chain estimate depends on which fuel is burned. A fuel nobody has classified gets no estimate, so you would miss that part of its emissions without knowing why.
No fuel estimate is served where the publisher printed the supply-chain figure
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher states the figure itself, theirs is the one to use. An estimate beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
No supply-chain estimate is served for a fuel we deliberately left out
Passed
Why it matters Some fuels are left out on purpose, for instance when no published supply-chain figure fits them. An estimate on one of them would be a number we decided not to stand behind.
Every fuel supply-chain estimate still matches the figures it was computed from
Passed
Why it matters The estimate scales the publisher's combustion figure by a supply-chain ratio taken from other published data. When either is revised or withdrawn, the estimate is out of date until it is recomputed.
Per-gas values are in CO2e
Passed
Why it matters Each gas line is stored as kg CO2e, so the lines add up to the total. A line stored as a raw gas mass under-states methane and nitrous oxide 27 to 273 times.
Every tagged gas has a known GWP
Passed
Why it matters A kilogram of one named gas is restated in AR6 with that gas's own GWP. A tag the GWP table does not carry would leave the value unconverted, or convert it with the wrong number.
Every fixed group of regions lists what it covers
Passed
Why it matters A group like “Europe outside the EU” with no member list cannot be placed, so its factor values never match a search for any country in it.
Where both exist, the residual mix is shown before the green-tariff zero
Passed
Why it matters Green electricity counts as zero only for buyers who hold the matching certificates. Showing zero by default would understate everyone else's emissions.
Every green-electricity zero is a market-based value
Passed
Why it matters A zero from a green contract only holds for the buyer of that contract. Filed as location-based, it would put a zero on the physical grid.
Every electricity factor states its mix
Passed
Why it matters Without its mix you cannot tell a location-based figure from a market-based one, and Scope 2 reporting needs both side by side.
The newest edition of each value is the one marked current
Passed
Why it matters If an older edition stayed marked as current, you would get superseded numbers, or two answers for the same factor.
Every publisher has a rule on whether we estimate its missing parts
Passed
Why it matters For electricity and fuels we can estimate parts a publisher leaves out, such as grid losses or the fuel supply chain. Without a rule, a missing part could be a gap or a deliberate choice, so nothing is estimated until one is set.
Factor descriptions describe the factor, not the whole library
Passed · 2 in all libraries
Why it matters When the same long text is repeated on every factor, it tells you nothing about the one you are looking at and hides what is specific to it.
Every library's licence has its rights recorded
Passed
Why it matters Without them, the library page cannot tell you what you may do with the data: share it, change it or use it commercially.
No fossil electricity mix has a zero fuel supply chain
Passed
Why it matters Electricity with fossil emissions always has a supply chain behind it: extracting and transporting the fuel. A zero there means the chain was priced from the wrong mix. Green power is the exception: its chain covers only biomass, and is a real zero on a grid that burns none.
Every green-electricity zero is exactly zero and says why
Passed
Why it matters A green-tariff factor is zero by rule. Any other number, or a zero with no stated reason, would mean the rule was applied wrongly.
Green-electricity zeros cover power generation only
Passed
Why it matters Certificates cover the power plant's emissions, not grid losses or the upstream fuel chain. A zero on those stages would understate your Scope 2 and Scope 3 figures.
Only a total we computed may mix GWP vintages
Passed
Why it matters A published row states one GWP vintage. A mix of AR5 and AR6 can only come from a total assembled out of several rows, and saying so tells you the number was computed, not published.
Spend factors state their price year and basis
Passed
Why it matters A 2019 euro is not a 2024 euro, and a purchaser price includes margins a basic price does not. Without both, spend footprints drift.
One default value per factor and year
Passed
Why it matters Two defaults for one year give two answers to the same lookup.
No electricity or heat factor answers network losses against its stage
Passed · 3 in all libraries
Why it matters A figure per unit delivered to the meter or the building includes what the grid or the heat network loses on the way, and one per unit generated at the plant does not. A factor whose library says the opposite of its stage is listed, so the stage can be corrected and the comparison with other grids stays fair.
Every value has a number, a GWP version and a reference year
Passed
Why it matters Without the number there is nothing to multiply. Without the GWP version or the year, you cannot tell whether two values are comparable.
Only a library cleared for it lists factors without their number
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers' numbers reach us after their factors, so we list the factor and show its value as withheld until the number arrives. Every other library must ship each number: a listed factor without one there is a loading error.
A published total missing its fuel supply chain comes with a complete sum
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers print an electricity or heat total that leaves out, or does not say whether it includes, the emissions of extracting and transporting the fuels burnt. Served alone, that total would understate your emissions, so we serve an estimated complete total beside it.
Product footprints headline fossil carbon, like EPDs
Passed
Why it matters EPDs headline fossil carbon and keep biogenic and land-use carbon apart. A product footprint that headlines the net total instead can differ by a few percent, so two steels or two devices no longer compare like for like.
No factor description is too long to display in full
Passed · 8 in all libraries
Why it matters Text beyond the limit is cut short on the factor page, so part of what the publisher wrote shows only in the download.
The library-wide answers on what a factor covers are up to date
Passed
Why it matters Some questions, such as whether a figure includes transport, are answered once for a whole library. If the stored answers fall behind, a factor's details can tell you something we no longer state.
Every library-wide answer applies to at least one factor
Passed · 5 in all libraries
Why it matters An answer about a category or stage the library no longer covers changes nothing you see. It is listed so it can be removed.
Every excused arithmetic disagreement is stated
Passed
Why it matters Where a publisher's own total does not equal its parts and we serve it anyway, the exception is listed on every audit run rather than left in code where nobody sees it.
Every reference year falls between 1960 and next year
Passed
Why it matters A year outside that range points to a typo or a misread column, and would put the value in the wrong period when you filter by year.
Each library's current edition is the one its values come from
Passed
Why it matters Library pages, exports and search read which edition is current from one flag, the factors from another. If the two disagree, a search can serve one edition while the export names another.
No two editions of a library share a release date
Passed
Why it matters The newest edition is picked by its release date. If two editions share one, the pick falls back to the edition label, where 23.6 reads as newer than 23.11, so older numbers can be served as current.
The parts of a total are never listed twice under one label
Passed
Why it matters A group that repeats a part label is a list of terms, not a split of the total, so adding its rows up would count some emissions twice.
Every residual mix has its green-tariff counterpart
Passed
Why it matters Market-based Scope 2 reporting needs both: the residual mix for ordinary contracts and a zero for certified green power. With one missing, you have to find it elsewhere.
Every conservative value carries the same label
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers print each value twice: a typical value and a conservative one, marked up for regulatory use. One shared label lets you pick either across libraries; a second spelling would hide some conservative values from that filter.
Every publisher's quality rating system is read
Passed
Why it matters If we do not read a publisher's rating system, its values are treated as unrated and marked down, although the publisher rated them.
Every factor is filed under the most specific category its source allows
Passed · 5,467 in all libraries
Why it matters Some factors sit in a broad category because their source covers several narrower ones. They are listed so a finer mapping can place them more precisely where the source allows it.
Every factor has a category
Passed
Why it matters A factor with no category drops out of every category filter and comparison. Without this check, a library with no category mapping would load unlabelled, and nothing would say so.
Every categorised factor has a GHG Protocol scope
Passed · 2 in all libraries
Why it matters Without a scope, you cannot tell whether the factor belongs in Scope 1, 2 or 3 of your inventory, and you have to place it yourself.
Single-gas values have their AR6 version
Passed · 9 in all libraries
Why it matters A kilogram of one refrigerant is worth its GWP, so it can be restated in AR6 exactly. Blends and untagged gases stay on their published vintage, which can move a leak's footprint by several percent or more.
No factor answers a question that does not arise for it
Passed
Why it matters Some questions only make sense for some kinds of factor. An answer where the question should not arise is either misplaced, or a sign the kind is too coarse for that factor, so each case is reviewed.
A supplier named in the source is linked to the factor
Passed
Why it matters If the supplier is named but not linked, you cannot filter by supplier or tell a company's own figure from a generic one.
A part covering the same scope as its total is linked to it
Passed
Why it matters When a part and the total beside it cover exactly the same scope, nothing in the numbers tells them apart. Linking them stops you adding a part to the total that already contains it.
Every device total that includes its use also gives the manufacturing share (embodied emissions)
Passed · 112 in all libraries
Why it matters A device footprint that includes years of electricity use is not the manufacturing number you need for a purchase, and if you also count the device's electricity you count its use twice. Devices whose publisher prints no use share are listed as known gaps.
No plug-in vehicle supply-chain estimate is rated above what its method allows
Passed
Why it matters The supply chain of the electricity a plug-in vehicle draws is estimated from the vehicle's own figure and four grid figures. That estimate has a highest rating it can earn, and it never outranks any figure it is built from. When one of them is withheld, so is the estimate. A better rating would lead you to trust it more than it deserves.
A year in a factor's name matches its reference year
Passed
Why it matters A name like “Grid 2019” on a 2023 value usually means a yearly series was flattened, so you could apply one year's figure to another.

How the audit works

What can I do with this data?

Open licence · credit the publisher

eco_profiles

Open licence · worldsteel-site-terms

Use it to calculate my own footprint: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
you keep the values unchanged
Publish my footprint results: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
you keep the values unchanged
Share the file with my customers: Ask World Steel Association AISBL
Put the factors in a product I sell: No
Modify it or combine it with my own data: No

Written confirmation from the publisher, checked on 27 Oct 2026

worldsteel (Terrence Busuttil, Director, Life Cycle Development), by email 2026-10-27, on serving its published figures credited: "we are fine with your request". Without it, site terms art. 6.1: the components "may not be reproduced, used or distributed without the prior written consent of worldsteel"; the copyright page: "The data should not be changed or be misrepresented".

Credit line

Source: World Steel Association (worldsteel). Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/worldsteel/ (CC BY 4.0)

Not legal advice: the publisher's terms prevail.

Full terms

sustainability_indicators

Open licence · worldsteel-site-terms

Use it to calculate my own footprint: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
you keep the values unchanged
Publish my footprint results: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
you keep the values unchanged
Share the file with my customers: Ask World Steel Association AISBL
Put the factors in a product I sell: No
Modify it or combine it with my own data: No

Written confirmation from the publisher, checked on 27 Oct 2026

worldsteel (Terrence Busuttil, Director, Life Cycle Development), by email 2026-10-27, on serving its published figures credited: "we are fine with your request". Without it, site terms art. 6.1: the components "may not be reproduced, used or distributed without the prior written consent of worldsteel"; the copyright page: "The data should not be changed or be misrepresented".

Credit line

Source: World Steel Association (worldsteel). Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/worldsteel/ (CC BY 4.0)

Not legal advice: the publisher's terms prevail.

Full terms

How to read these answers

Coverage

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Saved	Unfold	Factor	Region	Boundary	Unit

Versions

How this works

Version	Published	Loaded	Status	Source
2026-releaseeco_profiles	1 Apr 2026	9 Oct 2026	Served	Source
2025sustainability_indicators	1 Feb 2026	8 Oct 2026	Served	Source

Methodology

How this works

The eco-profiles follow ISO 14040 and 14044 and worldsteel's own life-cycle inventory methodology. The primary data cover 2020 to 2024 production at 169 sites from 34 companies; the background data come from the Sphera LCA for Experts database. Co-products are handled by system expansion.
Each profile prints three EN 15804 modules per tonne of steel product. A1-A3 is cradle to gate: from raw materials to the finished product at the mill gate. C1-C4 is end of life: deconstruction, transport, waste processing and disposal. D is the net credit for the scrap recovered at end of life, minus the scrap that went in, at an end-of-life recycling rate of 95%, or 90% for plate, rebar, sections and engineering steel.
Each module is split into fossil, biogenic, and land use and land-use change. The split adds up to the total, apart from the end-of-life defect under Limitations.
worldsteel prints no total across modules. Our total is A1-A3 plus C1-C4, marked as derived. D is reported beside the total and never added to it.
A tonne of CO2e per tonne of steel is the same number as a kg per kg, so the values are served per kg unchanged.
Each product and region has a construction page and an "other sectors" page. The construction pages print the climate indicator of EN 15804+A2, the others that of EF 3.1, and the figures are identical on 36 of 42 pairs. We load the construction page. EF 3.1 uses the IPCC AR6 factors, so we record AR6 as our reading.
The indicators are per tonne of crude steel cast, for the whole industry and for three production routes: the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF, about 10% scrap), the electric arc furnace fed with scrap (Scrap-EAF, over 70% scrap), and the electric arc furnace fed with direct reduced iron (DRI-EAF, under 30% scrap). The GHG indicator, collected since 2024, covers scope 1, 2 and scope 3 category 1. The CO2 indicator is the older series and counts CO2 only.
The reference year of an eco-profile is 2024, the end of its production window. An indicator value carries the year it is printed for.
worldsteel publishes no data quality rating and no uncertainty.

Data year: 2024 on the eco-profiles, the end of the 2020 to 2024 production window they cover; on the industry indicators, the year printed beside each value (2007-2024).

What we import

176 factors and 197 values in two releases.
Eco-profiles: 43 profiles of 16 products (hot rolled coil, pickled hot rolled coil, cold rolled coil, finished cold rolled coil, hot-dip galvanised coil, electrogalvanised steel, organic coated steel, tinplate, ECCS, plate, sections, rebar, wire rod, engineering steel, seamless pipe, welded pipe). 16 are global averages, 13 Asian, 12 European and 2 Latin American. Each profile has four factors: the total, A1-A3, C1-C4 and D.
Across the 43 profiles, the highest cradle-to-gate value is about three times the lowest. End of life is below one hundred-thousandth of cradle to gate. D is a credit on 42 profiles and a small load on one.
Indicators: 4 factors (all routes, BF-BOF, Scrap-EAF, DRI-EAF) and 25 values. The GHG indicator is printed for 2024 only; it is the default value for 2024, and the CO2 value for the earlier years. The CO2 indicator is printed for 2007 to 2024 on all routes, and for 2024 on each route.
Every number comes from worldsteel's PDFs by a parser that stops on any change of layout, then checked cell by cell against a second, independent reading of each page. None is typed by hand.
Kept in our archive, not served as factors: the other 13 indicators of each profile (ozone depletion, acidification, energy use and others), the scrap input, the recycling rate, and the "other sectors" twin's file name.
Names are worldsteel's, in English. The usage definitions are written in English by open-climate.ai with language models; they are not worldsteel's.

Licence

How this works

Open. worldsteel confirmed in writing on 2026-10-27 that serving its figures here is fine, unchanged and with the source on every row. The full life-cycle inventory is not part of this library; we do not load it.

No PDF carries a licence; beyond that confirmation, worldsteel's site terms apply. Article 6.1 states: "The websites and components (trademarks, logos, graphics, photos, animations, videos, music, texts, etc.) are the property of worldsteel. They are protected by intellectual property rights (including copyright, design rights, trademarks, etc.) and may not be reproduced, used or distributed without the prior written consent of worldsteel or, as the case may be, the relevant right holder". Article 6.2 allows reproduction "only for strictly personal purposes". The copyright page adds: "Information on this site may be quoted as long as the source of the information is acknowledged at each instance of use" and "The data should not be changed or be misrepresented."

Quoting a figure in your own footprint, or publishing results built on it, is possible with the acknowledgement at each use. Sharing the data with customers needs worldsteel's consent. Embedding it in a product and changing it are not allowed. Attribution: "Source: World Steel Association (worldsteel)". Last verified 2026-10-27.

What can I do with this data?

Credit line: Source: World Steel Association (worldsteel)

worldsteel-site-terms

The websites and components (trademarks, logos, graphics, photos, animations, videos, music, texts, etc.) are the property of worldsteel. They are protected by intellectual property rights (including copyright, design rights, trademarks, etc.) and may not be reproduced, used or distributed without the prior written consent of worldsteel or, as the case may be, the relevant right holder

Limitations

The eco-profiles are rated high quality: primary data from 169 sites, an ISO 14040 and 14044 method, recent production years. The indicators are rated medium: industry aggregates with no product detail. How data quality is graded.
These are industry averages for a region, not one mill's product. For a purchase from a known mill, its own EPD is closer.
D is not part of the total. Adding it nets a credit for avoided production into the footprint; EN 15804 reports it apart for that reason.
On 31 profiles, worldsteel prints the end-of-life land-use cell as a copy of the cradle-to-gate one. We keep the end-of-life total as printed and leave that one split empty.
Seven regional "other sectors" pages print global figures instead of their own. We load the construction pages, which do not have this defect.
Europe cold rolled coil has no PDF; its figures come from the web page alone.
The GHG indicator does not name its IPCC report and gives no split by gas. The CO2 series counts CO2 only, so it is lower than the GHG figure of the same year and should not be compared with it.

Changelog

2026-10-08: eco-profiles 2026 release and Sustainability Indicators 2025 loaded, hidden.
2026-10-27: library served, open, on worldsteel's written confirmation.

Highlighted factor pages

A selection of worldsteel factors, with each value, boundary, source and derivation.

Materials Metals

Crude steel - All production routes GLOBAL · kg · Cradle to gate
Tinplate - BOF and EAF routes GLOBAL · kg · EPD total
Hot rolled coil - BOF and EAF routes EUROPE · kg · EPD total
ECCS - BOF and EAF routes GLOBAL · kg · EPD total
Plate - BOF and EAF routes GLOBAL · kg · EPD total

Know a newer edition?

If worldsteel has published an edition we do not serve yet, tell us where to find it.