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Emission factor from EMA

Electricity generation - Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor

Singapore · Fugitive releases · 2024 onwards

Each kilowatt-hour released to the air from 2024 counts as 0.0611 kg CO₂e, its 100-year warming potential under IPCC AR6.

Value from 2024 onwards

0.0611kgCO₂e/kWh

Fossil only · GWP100 · AR6

FossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
2024–
Default: the latest year−1% on 2023

Derived by open-climate.ai

Region
Singapore SG
Boundary
Fugitive releases
Data quality
MediumRated by us, not by the source
Licence
Open · EMA terms

Where 0.0611 comes from

Derived by open-climate.ai

open-climate.ai adds up the gases EMA publishes, each weighted by its warming potential.

Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol

Scope 3, category 3 0.0611

The fuel behind it and the energy lost on the way to you are Scope 3, category 3.

CiteAPI

The factor, standardised

Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.

Electricity › Electricity by generation technology · Singapore · per kWh · Average

Fugitive releases · Fossil only · AR6

Boundary
Fugitive releases
Fuel supply and fugitive releases
GWP method
IPCC AR6, 100-year horizon
Not on the record; set from EMA's method notes
CO₂e basis
Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
Split by gas
Life cycle
Upstream: not coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable

Medium quality · Open licence · 2005 to now

All values

20 values, one per year back to 2005. Every one is fossil only, AR6 GWP100, so the years compare directly. Tap a bar.

2024 onwards0.0611Default valueDerived by open-climate.ai

kgCO₂e per kWh, by year. Pick a year to read it.

What this number covers

The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Not every step on it is counted; what is left out is listed below.

  1. Fuel supply

    Extracting, processing and transporting the fuel the plants burn

    Included, not split out

  2. Also counted

    • Fugitive releases
    Included, not split out

  3. Your meter

    1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.

    = 0.0611

Outside this boundary

  • Burning fuel at the plants

Gases

Basis: Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil

  • Methane (CH₄)0.0611

Each gas is converted to CO₂e with AR6 100-year warming potentials; only fossil carbon counts, so biogenic CO₂, biogenic methane and land-use carbon are left out.

From EMA's record to a comparable factor

EMA publishes the inputs; open-climate.ai computed this value from them. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.

About this factor

EMA gives no description for this factor.

Source and licence

Value
Computed by open-climate.ai from the gas values in this record
Publisher
Energy Market Authority (Singapore)
Library
EMA ses-2025
See the source data at EMA
EMA's terms of use Open

The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.

Credit it with this lineContains information from the Singapore Energy Statistics 2025 (Table 2.4, Electricity Grid Emission Factor and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor) accessed on 2026-08-17 from the Energy Market Authority of Singapore, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence).
A plain reading of the licence, not legal advice. The licence text prevails.

Cite this factor

Contains information from the Singapore Energy Statistics 2025 (Table 2.4, Electricity Grid Emission Factor and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor) accessed on 2026-08-17 from the Energy Market Authority of Singapore, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence). Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/ema/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-ema-electricity_generation-sg-kwh-fugitive-4ecb2ac6/?v=efv1-d23d55eeefaaa62897b720fc6d1fa392

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