Value from 2024 onwards
0.389kgCO₂e/kWh
Fossil only · CO₂ only
FossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil- Region
- Singapore SG
- Boundary
- Generation
- Data quality
- MediumRated by us, not by the source
- Licence
- Open · EMA terms
Where 0.389 comes from
EMA prints this factor as a single figure, with no parts to add up.
Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol
Scope 2 0.389
You buy the energy, so its generation is your Scope 2.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Electricity › Electricity by generation technology · Singapore · per kWh · Average
Generation · Fossil only
- BoundaryGenerationCombustion at the generating plant for purchased energy carriers. Learn more
- Generation
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- None: the value counts CO₂ alone
- CO₂ weighs 1 in every IPCC report, so no GWP applies
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic methane, land-use change and biogenic CO₂; excl. biogenic CO₂ counts biogenic methane but not the other two; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- All of it is CO₂
- Life cycle
- Upstream: not coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable
Medium quality · Open licence · 2005 to now
All values
20 values, one per year back to 2005. Every one is fossil only, so the years compare directly. Tap a bar.
2024 onwards0.389Default value
| AppliesYears | TotalkgCO₂e/kWh |
|---|---|
| 0.389Default value | |
| 0.394 | |
| 0.406 | |
| 0.399 | |
| 0.402 | |
| 0.401 | |
| 0.403 | |
| 0.402 | |
| 0.398 | |
| 0.394 | |
| 0.409 | |
| 0.414 | |
| 0.416 | |
| 0.458 | |
| 0.432 | |
| 0.421 | |
| 0.426 | |
| 0.435 | |
| 0.423 | |
| 0.421 |
- Default: what search and the API return when you ask for nothing specific
What this number covers
The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Not every step on it is counted; what is left out is listed below.
Generation
Producing the electricity at the power plants that make up the mix
Included0.389Your meter
1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.
= 0.389
Outside this boundary
- Electricity lost on the network
- Producing and delivering the plants' fuel
- Building the power plants
EMA counts burning fuel at the plants, not producing and delivering that fuel or building the plants.
Gases
Basis: Fossil onlyFossil carbon only: biogenic CO₂, methane from biogenic sources and land-use change are left out. Learn moreFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- Fossil CO₂0.389
The CO₂e counts fossil carbon only; biogenic CO₂, biogenic methane and land-use carbon are left out.
From EMA's record to a comparable factor
EMA publishes this factor as one record. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.
About this factor
From EMA
The Build Margin (BM) emission factor refers to the average CO2 emissions emitted per unit of net electricity generation by the most recently built power units.Source and licence
- Publisher
- Energy Market Authority (Singapore)
- Library
- EMA ses-2025
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
Contains information from the Singapore Energy Statistics 2025 (Table 2.4, Electricity Grid Emission Factor and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor) accessed on 2026-08-17 from the Energy Market Authority of Singapore, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence). Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/ema/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-ema-electricity_generation-sg-kwh-generation-1efdafe2/?v=efv1-b96228004a3364f76661ffe8ac3ecb2a
Something looks wrong?
Tell us which value and why. We check it against the source and answer within a week.