Emission factor from EMA
Electricity generation - Grid Emission Factor (GEF)
Singapore · Well-to-use · 2024 onwards
Each kilowatt-hour drawn from the grid from 2024 counts as 0.472 kg CO₂e: 0.402 at the power plants, 0.0693 for the fuel supplied to the power plants (estimated) and 0.00109 for the electricity lost on the network (estimated).
Value from 2024 onwards
0.472kgCO₂e/kWh
Location-based · Production mix · Fossil only · GWP100 · AR5
FossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossilEstimatedAn estimate by open-climate.ai, not a number the publisher printed. Where an electricity publisher prints generation only, we add the grid losses and the fuel chain behind it, computed by one stated rule from the publisher's own generation value and public statistics. Learn more Summed by open-climate.ai from 3 parts, 2 of them estimated by us
- Region
- Singapore SG
- Boundary
- Well-to-use
- Data quality
- LowRated by us, not by the source
- Licence
- Open · EMA terms
Where 0.472 comes from
- Scope 20.40285.1%
- Fuel supplyEstimatedAn estimate by open-climate.ai, not a number the publisher printed. Where an electricity publisher prints generation only, we add the grid losses and the fuel chain behind it, computed by one stated rule from the publisher's own generation value and public statistics. Learn moreDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 30.069314.7%
- Network lossesEstimatedAn estimate by open-climate.ai, not a number the publisher printed. Where an electricity publisher prints generation only, we add the grid losses and the fuel chain behind it, computed by one stated rule from the publisher's own generation value and public statistics. Learn moreDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 30.001090.2%
Σ 0.472: open-climate.ai adds up the three parts. EMA prints generation. open-climate.ai estimates fuel supply and network losses from other published figures.
Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol
Scope 2 0.402 Scope 3, category 3 0.0704
You buy the energy, so its generation is your Scope 2.
The fuel behind it and the energy lost on the way to you are Scope 3, category 3.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Electricity › Grid electricity · Singapore · per kWh · Average
Well-to-use · Location-based · Fossil only · AR5
- BoundaryWell-to-useOne unit of energy as consumed, priced from the well to the point of use: the well-to-tank chain plus the burn for a fuel; generation, its well-to-tank and the transmission and distribution losses for a delivered carrier (electricity, steam or hot water, chilled water). Learn more
- Well-to-use
- Fuel supply, generation and network losses
- Calculation approachLocation-based uses the average grid mix where the electricity was consumed; market-based uses the supplier contract or the residual mix. The two can differ by an order of magnitude on the same kilowatt-hour, so they are never interchangeable. Learn more
- Location-based, production mix
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- IPCC AR5, 100-year horizon
- Not on the record; set from EMA's method notes
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic methane, land-use change and biogenic CO₂; excl. biogenic CO₂ counts biogenic methane but not the other two; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- Not split by gas; CO₂e only
- Life cycle
- Upstream: coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable
Low quality · Open licence · 2005 to now
All values
20 values, one per year back to 2005. Every one is location-based, production mix, fossil only, AR5 GWP100, so the years compare directly. Tap a bar.
2024 onwards0.472Default valueDerived by open-climate.ai
| AppliesYears | TotalkgCO₂e/kWh |
|---|---|
| 0.472Default valueDerived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.484Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.491Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.484Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.481Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.484Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.498Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.499Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.506Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.503Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.51Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.523Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.57Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.606Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.605Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.592Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.592Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.602Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.631Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.627Derived by open-climate.ai |
- Default: what search and the API return when you ask for nothing specific
- Derived by open-climate.ai
What this number covers
The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Every step on it is counted.
Fuel supply
Extracting, processing and transporting the fuel the plants burn
IncludedScope 3, cat. 30.0693Generation
Producing the electricity at the power plants that make up the mix
IncludedScope 20.402Network losses
Electricity lost between the plant and your meter, which still had to be generated
IncludedScope 3, cat. 30.00109Your meter
1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.
= 0.472
Outside this boundary
- Building the power plants
- Building the grid
Capital goods and infrastructure sit outside every well-to-use factor, in every library.
Gases
EMA publishes this factor as CO₂e only, with no split by gas. The CO₂e counts fossil carbon only; biogenic CO₂, biogenic methane and land-use carbon are left out.
From EMA's record to a comparable factor
EMA publishes one of the three parts; open-climate.ai estimated the others and added them all up to this total. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.
The total and its parts
Each part has its own page. Use a part on its own when you report Scope 2 and Scope 3 separately; never add a part to the total.
About this factor
Source and licence
- Value
- Summed by open-climate.ai from its parts
- Publisher
- Energy Market Authority (Singapore)
- Library
- EMA ses-2025
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
Contains information from the Singapore Energy Statistics 2025 (Table 2.4, Electricity Grid Emission Factor and Upstream Fugitive Methane Emission Factor) accessed on 2026-08-17 from the Energy Market Authority of Singapore, which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence). Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/ema/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-ema-electricity_generation-sg-kwh-well_to_use-bafe3f94/?v=efv1-1595eef1f6ce6a31b22bf670e160d614
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