Grid electricity emission factors

Electricity drawn from the grid: a region's average, a residual mix, a supplier's mix or a certified green product. From 31 libraries, filed in one model so one publisher's factor compares with another's.

CategoryElectricity

Search all 2,734 factors Match my file

Factors

2,734

Libraries

Largest library

Japan MOE

1,475 factors, 54%

Median 0.448 kgCO₂e/kWh over 235 factors, from 0 to 1.26.

Group: Per kWh, Generation, Residual mix

How much CO₂e, at a glance

The median of the largest groups that compare. A group shares one unit, one boundary and one accounting method, so a card never mixes them.

Per kWh
Generation, Residual mix
0.448 kg CO₂e
Median of 235 factors. Half of them sit between 0.396 and 0.547. 1 more is licence-restricted and left out.
Per kWh
Energy, full life cycle, Production mix
0.477 kg CO₂e
Median of 235 factors. Half of them sit between 0.235 and 0.633.
Per kWh
Well-to-use, Consumption mix
0.113 kg CO₂e
Median of 131 factors. Half of them sit between 0.0574 and 0.262. 3 more are licence-restricted and left out.
Per kWh
Well-to-use, Production mix
0.471 kg CO₂e
Median of 59 factors. Half of them sit between 0.355 and 0.539. 1 more is licence-restricted and left out.

Source: open-climate.ai catalogue, version 1045, coverage summed over libraries.

How far apart the factors are

One row per comparable group, each chart on its own scale. Physical units and spend never share a chart.

Lowest to highest
Middle half of the factors
Median

Per kWh · Supplier-specific mix

Group	Factors	kg CO₂e per kWh	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Generation, Supplier-specific mix	1,797		0	0 to 0.392	0.212	1.38

Per kWh · Production mix

Group	Factors	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Energy, full life cycle, Production mix	235	0.0214	0.235 to 0.633	0.477	1.42
Well-to-use, Production mix	59	0.00661	0.355 to 0.539	0.471	0.903
Generation, Production mix	19	0.0021	0.0269 to 0.458	0.335	0.74
Upstream fuel, Production mix	17	0.000448	0.00354 to 0.0812	0.0556	0.163
Upstream of transmission and distribution losses, Production mix	14	0.0000605	0.000519 to 0.00577	0.00225	0.00753

Per kWh · Residual mix

Group	Factors	kg CO₂e per kWh	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Generation, Residual mix	235		0	0.396 to 0.547	0.448	1.26
Well-to-use, Residual mix	39		0.0227	0.453 to 0.651	0.52	1.31

Per kWh · Consumption mix

Group	Factors	kg CO₂e per kWh	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Well-to-use, Consumption mix	131		0.00257	0.0574 to 0.262	0.113	1.09
Generation, Consumption mix	10		0.416	0.43 to 0.59	0.543	0.707

Priced per unit of spend

Spend factors price a unit of currency, not a quantity. They are drawn apart and never ranked with physical factors. Spend or activity: which to use

Per USD spent · Producer prices

Group	Factors	kg CO₂e per USD	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Cradle to gate, Producer prices	149		0.111	1.72 to 5.21	2.79	22.2

Per CAD spent · Purchaser prices

Group	Factors	kg CO₂e per CAD	Lowest	Middle half	Median	Highest
Cradle to gate, Purchaser prices	13		0.145	0.54 to 2.66	0.742	4.94

Source: open-climate.ai catalogue, version 1045, coverage summed over libraries.

Grid electricity by country

One source and one boundary, so the rows compare: 34 countries from AIB, all on one boundary (Well-to-use). Where the source splits a total, the bar shows the plant, the fuel supply chain behind it and the electricity lost on the way to the meter. Switch the accounting method and the countries stay put.

Location-based · production mix

Generation at the plantUpstream fuelNetwork lossesTotal the source does not split

Iceland
0.0002~0~0.00000620.000206
Norway
0.0057~0.0012~0.000460.00736
Switzerland
0.0073~0.0027~0.000750.0107
Sweden
0.0049~0.0052~0.000780.0109
France
0.014~0.0039~0.00170.0193
Finland
0.024~0.014~0.00150.0397
Denmark
0.042~0.025~0.00470.0711
Luxembourg
0.045~0.029~0.00110.0746
Portugal
0.075~0.018~0.00910.102
Slovakia
0.087~0.019~0.00750.114
Austria
0.094~0.022~0.00580.122
Spain
0.11~0.02~0.0130.139
Belgium
0.12~0.025~0.00630.153
Hungary
0.14~0.028~0.0110.18
Lithuania
0.14~0.033~0.0130.181
Croatia
0.14~0.028~0.0180.184
Latvia
0.15~0.031~0.00990.186
Slovenia
0.16~0.029~0.0130.2
United Kingdom
0.17~0.039~0.0210.227
Italy
0.23~0.042~0.0180.285
Romania
0.22~0.039~0.0310.29
Greece
0.23~0.04~0.0310.296
Netherlands
0.24~0.045~0.0130.298
Ireland
0.24~0.044~0.0230.311
ME
0.27~0.048~0.0540.377
Germany
0.3~0.061~0.020.386
Bulgaria
0.33~0.061~0.0290.421
Estonia
0.32~0.085~0.0720.475
Malta
0.4~0.067~0.0370.502
Cyprus
0.48~0.11~0.0260.608
Czech Republic
0.51~0.095~0.0340.639
Poland
0.61~0.11~0.0440.759
Bosnia And Herzegovina
0.76~0.13~0.10.991
Serbia
0.85~0.15~0.131.13

Location-based

The average of what the country's own power plants generated. This is the figure for location-based reporting.

Lowest: Iceland, 0.000206
Median of 34 countries: 0.193
Highest: Serbia, 1.13
Beyond the power plant, median share: 24%

Market-based · residual mix

Generation at the plantUpstream fuelNetwork lossesTotal the source does not split

France
0.017~0.0038~0.00170.0227
Belgium
0.17~0.031~0.00630.208
Sweden
0.21~0.043~0.000780.253
Spain
0.24~0.041~0.0130.292
Romania
0.25~0.043~0.0310.319
United Kingdom
0.28~0.048~0.0210.35
Finland
0.35~0.066~0.00150.42
Slovakia
0.35~0.065~0.00750.423
Latvia
0.37~0.067~0.00990.448
Ireland
0.37~0.066~0.0230.457
ME
0.34~0.061~0.0540.458
Greece
0.37~0.065~0.0310.461
Bulgaria
0.37~0.066~0.0290.467
Portugal
0.39~0.071~0.00910.473
Luxembourg
0.42~0.076~0.00110.499
Norway
0.43~0.077~0.000460.509
Italy
0.43~0.075~0.0180.52
Croatia
0.43~0.078~0.0180.528
Iceland
0.45~0.08~0.00000620.533
Denmark
0.45~0.081~0.00470.534
Malta
0.43~0.074~0.0370.539
Hungary
0.45~0.08~0.0110.544
Estonia
0.47~0.085~0.0720.625
Cyprus
0.5~0.11~0.0260.641
Lithuania
0.55~0.098~0.0130.661
Czech Republic
0.59~0.11~0.0340.733
Slovenia
0.63~0.11~0.0130.76
Germany
0.7~0.12~0.020.845
Poland
0.73~0.13~0.0440.9
Bosnia And Herzegovina
0.76~0.13~0.10.997
Serbia
1~0.17~0.131.31

Not ranked here: Austria, Switzerland, and Netherlands. The source prints no figure for them on this basis, or a certified total of 0, which would count the plant alone.

Market-based, no contract

What is left of the mix once every certified kWh has been claimed by someone else. A buyer with no green contract or certificate reports this one, and it is usually higher than the production mix.

Lowest: France, 0.0227
Median of 31 countries: 0.509
Highest: Serbia, 1.31
Beyond the power plant, median share: 18%

Market-based · certified renewable

Generation at the plantUpstream fuelNetwork lossesTotal the source does not split

This tab has its own scale, 10 times finer than the widest one: compare its bars with each other, not with the other tabs.

Iceland
0~0~0.00000620.00000622
Norway
0~0.00011~0.000460.00057
France
0~0.0048~0.00170.00648
Sweden
0~0.0058~0.000780.00661
Portugal
0~0.0058~0.00910.0149
Spain
0~0.0028~0.0130.0159
Slovenia
0~0.0034~0.0130.0165
Finland
0~0.016~0.00150.0174
Belgium
0~0.012~0.00630.0187
Latvia
0~0.009~0.00990.0188
Denmark
0~0.017~0.00470.0214
Lithuania
0~0.0093~0.0130.0222
Luxembourg
0~0.021~0.00110.0223
Hungary
0~0.012~0.0110.0226
Croatia
0~0.0063~0.0180.0246
Italy
0~0.0085~0.0180.0266
Ireland
0~0.0049~0.0230.0276
Slovakia
0~0.021~0.00750.0281
Cyprus
0~0.0025~0.0260.0285
Germany
0~0.012~0.020.0325
Romania
0~0.0014~0.0310.0325
Greece
0~0.0018~0.0310.0325
Bulgaria
0~0.0096~0.0290.0387
Malta
0~0.0019~0.0370.0391
United Kingdom
0~0.019~0.0210.0403
ME
0~0~0.0540.054
Poland
0~0.011~0.0440.055
Czech Republic
0~0.034~0.0340.0677
Estonia
0~0.026~0.0720.0982
Bosnia And Herzegovina
0~0.00045~0.10.104
Serbia
0~0.0029~0.130.138

Not ranked here: Austria, Switzerland, and Netherlands. The source prints no figure for them on this basis, or a certified total of 0, which would count the plant alone.

Market-based, certified renewable

Electricity backed by guarantees of origin. The plant counts for 0, but the fuel supply chain and the network losses remain, so the total is small and never 0.

Lowest: Iceland, 0.00000622
Median of 31 countries: 0.0266
Highest: Serbia, 0.138
Beyond the power plant, median share: 100%

Source: AIB, 34 countries. Boundary: Well-to-use. ~ marks a leg open-climate.ai estimates from open inputs because the publisher prints the plant only.

Carbon intensity of electricity in 209 countries and regions

One yardstick for the whole world: Ember, the mix each country generated. Boundary: Energy, full life cycle. Median 0.468 kgCO₂e/kWh.

209 places, lowest first

CF
0.0214
Afghanistan
0.117
Ukraine
0.251
RE
0.399
Cyprus
0.505
ST
0.589
PR
0.656
TM
1.31

Show all 209 places, lowest first

1CF0.0214
2Lesotho0.0229
3Ethiopia0.0234
4Bhutan0.0237
5Nepal0.024
6Albania0.0247
7Paraguay0.0248
8Costa Rica0.0258
9CD0.0276
10Iceland0.0278
11Norway0.0281
12Sweden0.0353
13Switzerland0.0391
14France0.0412
15Namibia0.0524
16MW0.0568
17Sierra Leone0.0571
18Finland0.0572
19Uganda0.0585
20KG0.0726
21Tajikistan0.0726
22Uruguay0.0798
23VE0.0859
24New Zealand0.0927
25Slovakia0.095
26Kenya0.0959
27Denmark0.0999
28Brazil0.11
29El Salvador0.111
30Austria0.117
31Afghanistan0.117
32Eswatini0.12
33Luxembourg0.121
34Zambia0.126
35Belgium0.126
36Portugal0.128
37Mozambique0.129
38Latvia0.135
39Lithuania0.138
40GL0.138
41GE0.147
42Spain0.153
43SD0.154
44Croatia0.158
45Ecuador0.159
46Hungary0.163
47Belize0.17
48Guinea0.181
49Burundi0.184
50Angola0.185
51Slovenia0.188
52Colombia0.19
53Canada0.191
54United Kingdom0.218
55Panama0.22
56Cameroon0.226
57Laos0.232
58Peru0.238
59Armenia0.244
60Ukraine0.251
61Netherlands0.254
62GF0.257
63Romania0.259
64Ireland0.263
65ME0.265
66Bulgaria0.275
67Fiji0.276
68Italy0.284
69Chile0.291
70Nicaragua0.3
71Guatemala0.301
72PK0.308
73LR0.314
74BY0.315
75Estonia0.319
76Honduras0.322
77SR0.323
78Greece0.325
79Germany0.334
80KP0.341
81Argentina0.342
82Tanzania0.344
83CK0.35
84FO0.361
85Rwanda0.362
86Sri Lanka0.368
87ZW0.384
88United States0.384
89Lebanon0.388
90RE0.399
91WS0.4
92Czech Republic0.401
93Cote D'Ivoire0.406
94North Macedonia0.407
95Korea0.417
96PS0.417
97Togo0.421
98DJ0.43
99MG0.434
100PF0.44
101Russia0.45
102Nigeria0.452
103CV0.463
104Vietnam0.464
105United Arab Emirates0.468
106GH0.469
107Mexico0.474
108MO0.474
109Turkey0.476
110Japan0.477
111Malta0.48
112Bolivia0.481
113IL0.493
114GP0.493
115Singapore0.497
116Cambodia0.499
117Kiribati0.5
118Vanuatu0.5
119Myanmar0.502
120Cyprus0.505
121Moldova0.514
122MR0.515
123PG0.516
124Australia0.525
125Gabon0.525
126MQ0.526
127China0.528
128Jordan0.53
129SO0.53
130ML0.537
131Dominican Republic0.538
132Haiti0.54
133Nauru0.54
134Senegal0.54
135Oman0.544
136Thailand0.546
137AW0.549
138SC0.56
139Burkina Faso0.561
140Tunisia0.561
141Jamaica0.562
142Egypt0.563
143NC0.564
144TO0.571
145Bosnia And Herzegovina0.573
146Dominica0.573
147VC0.573
148Benin0.579
149Qatar0.582
150ST0.589
151Poland0.591
152ER0.591
153YE0.591
154Philippines0.595
155SB0.6
156Barbados0.601
157Morocco0.603
158KN0.604
159GU0.605
160Malaysia0.606
161Antigua And Barbuda0.608
162Maldives0.615
163AS0.622
164Chad0.63
165KY0.632
166Algeria0.633
167Taiwan0.634
168Kuwait0.635
169TC0.637
170VI0.64
171GY0.642
172AZ0.642
173Mauritius0.642
174Saint Lucia0.643
175CU0.643
176GQ0.643
177SS0.646
178Bahamas0.652
179PR0.656
180KM0.657
181Iran0.658
182GD0.658
183Gambia0.659
184VG0.659
185PM0.66
186GW0.663
187Niger0.671
188India0.671
189Hong Kong0.676
190Trinidad And Tobago0.681
191Iraq0.683
192SA0.692
193Serbia0.696
194Bangladesh0.696
195South Africa0.699
196FK0.7
197MS0.7
198Indonesia0.705
199SY0.706
200CG0.716
201Kazakhstan0.806
202Mongolia0.822
203LY0.827
204BW0.852
205BN0.893
206XK0.902
207Bahrain0.902
208Uzbekistan1
209TM1.31

One grid, four numbers

A grid has one location-based figure and up to three market-based ones. Under the market-based method a company reports what its contracts back: certified renewable if it holds guarantees of origin, its supplier's mix if it has one, and the residual mix if it has neither. The residual mix is what remains once every certificate has been claimed, so it is highest where a country sells its renewable certificates abroad.

Iceland

Location-based · production mix0.000206
Market-based · certified renewable0.00000622
Market-based · average of all suppliers0.405
Market-based · residual mix0.533

Without a certificate a buyer here reports the residual mix, 0.533: 2,600 times the location-based 0.000206. Certified renewable is 0.00000622, not 0: the plant counts for nothing, the fuel supply chain and the network losses remain.

Norway

Location-based · production mix0.00736
Market-based · certified renewable0.00057
Market-based · average of all suppliers0.385
Market-based · residual mix0.509

Without a certificate a buyer here reports the residual mix, 0.509: 69 times the location-based 0.00736. Certified renewable is 0.00057, not 0: the plant counts for nothing, the fuel supply chain and the network losses remain.

Sweden

Location-based · production mix0.0109
Market-based · certified renewable0.00661
Market-based · average of all suppliers0.031
Market-based · residual mix0.253

Without a certificate a buyer here reports the residual mix, 0.253: 23 times the location-based 0.0109. Certified renewable is 0.00661, not 0: the plant counts for nothing, the fuel supply chain and the network losses remain.

Generation at the plantUpstream fuelNetwork lossesTotal the source does not split

Source: AIB. Boundary: Well-to-use. Every line of a card shares one scale.

Same grid, several sources: why the numbers differ

10 countries and regions are priced by two libraries or more. The differences are rarely errors: they are the year, the boundary and the accounting method.

consumptionCertified renewableProduction mixResidual mixAverage of all suppliers

Germany · 9 factors

AIBGrid electricity
0.0325Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.0486Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.386Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
UBA (DE)German electricity mix
0.418consumption, Generation, 20212021
ÖKOBAUDAT Usage - ventilation (1kWh electricity consumption)
0.474consumption, Well-to-use, 20232023
ÖKOBAUDAT Electricity grid mix
0.478consumption, Well-to-use, 20232023
ÖKOBAUDAT Residual electricity mix 2050 (based on "EU Reference Scenario 2020")
0.584Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20232023
AIBGrid electricity
0.845Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
ÖKOBAUDAT Residual electricity mix 2030 (based on "EU Reference Scenario 2020")
0.864Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20232023

9 figures from 0.0325 to 0.864 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the year (2021 to 2025), the boundary, and the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

Norway · 7 factors

AIB Grid electricity
0.00057Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
NVE Grid electricity - Klimadeklarasjon (location-based delivered mix) and Varedeklarasjon (market-based residual mix)
0.000867Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIB Grid electricity
0.00736Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
NVE Grid electricity - Klimadeklarasjon (location-based delivered mix) and Varedeklarasjon (market-based residual mix)
0.0121consumption, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIB Grid electricity
0.385Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIB Grid electricity
0.509Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
NVE Grid electricity - Klimadeklarasjon (location-based delivered mix) and Varedeklarasjon (market-based residual mix)
0.515Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025

7 figures from 0.00057 to 0.515 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

Italy · 5 factors

AIBGrid electricity
0.0266Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
ISPRA Italy electricity and heat emission factor - electricity consumption, national average
0.2consumption, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.285Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.347Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.52Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025

5 figures from 0.0266 to 0.52 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

Latvia · 5 factors

AIBGrid electricity
0.0188Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
Ember Electricity generation - Total generation
0.135Production mix, Energy, full life cycle, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.186Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.366Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.448Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025

5 figures from 0.0188 to 0.448 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the boundary and the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

Romania · 5 factors

AIBGrid electricity
0.0325Certified renewable, Well-to-use, 20252025
Ember Electricity generation - Total generation
0.259Production mix, Energy, full life cycle, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.29Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.315Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.319Residual mix, Well-to-use, 20252025

5 figures from 0.0325 to 0.319 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the boundary and the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

Austria · 3 factors

AIBGrid electricity
0.0918Average of all suppliers, Well-to-use, 20252025
AIBGrid electricity
0.122Production mix, Well-to-use, 20252025
UBA (AT)Electricity supply, Austria - Electricity
0.152consumption, Well-to-use, 20232023

3 figures from 0.0918 to 0.152 kgCO₂e/kWh. They differ in the year (2023 to 2025) and the accounting method, which explains most of the gap.

What does each total include?

6 boundaries are in use in this category, and a total on one does not compare with a total on another. Read down a column to see what it counts.

Part of the total	Generation2,063 factors	Energy, full life cycle238 factors	Well-to-use238 factors	Cradle to gate162 factors	Upstream fuel19 factors	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses14 factors
Imported inputs	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	Included	Not stated	Not stated
Transmission and distribution losses	Not included	Varies	Included	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated
Upstream fuel (well-to-tank)	Not included	Included	Varies	Included	Included	Included
Fuel combustion	Included	Included	Included	Included	Not included	Not included
Purchased electricity and heat	Included	Included	Included	Included	Not included	Not stated
Business travel	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	Included	Not stated	Not stated
Capital goods	Not included	Included	Varies	Included	Not included	Not included
Employee commuting	Not stated	Not stated	Not stated	Not included	Not stated	Not stated
Infrastructure	Not stated	Not stated	Not included	Varies	Not included	Not stated
Overheads and services	Not stated	Varies	Not stated	Included	Not stated	Not stated

Varies: some factors on this boundary include it and others do not. Not stated: the publisher does not say. How system boundaries work

Values not shown

10 of the 2,734 factors in this category are not shown. Licence-restricted: GLEC (4), DFØ (2), Energinet (2), UBA (DE) (1), and Upphandlingsmyndigheten (1). They are counted on this page. Their values are never drawn, ranked or used in a median. How licences work here

Which factor should you use?

The reporting method decides the mix. The boundary decides which scope each part of the number lands in.

Location-based reporting
You report the grid where the meter is, whatever you bought.
Use the production or consumption mix of the country or subregion, from its national publisher where there is one.
Market-based, no contract
You hold no supplier contract and no certificate.
Use the residual mix of the country. A location-based average would claim renewables others have already claimed.
Market-based, named supplier
Your retailer publishes its own factor.
Use the supplier's factor for the product and the year on your invoice.
Certified renewable
You hold guarantees of origin for the kWh.
Use 0 for the plant, and keep upstream fuel and network losses: a certificate does not zero them.

Libraries that publish these factors

31 libraries, by number of factors.

Library	Factors	Boundary	Values	Latest
Japan MOE	1,475	Generation	Shown	2025
MITECO	534	Generation	Shown	2025
Ember	218	Energy, full life cycle	Shown	2025
Open CEDA	149	Cradle to gate	Shown	2023
ADEME	67	Well-to-use, Generation, Upstream fuel	Shown	2025
ECCC	55	Generation, Upstream fuel, Well-to-use	Shown	2024
AIB	34	Well-to-use	Shown	2025
eGRID	28	Well-to-use	Shown	2023

23 more libraries

EPA Hub	28	Well-to-use	Shown	2026
MfE	28	Well-to-use	Shown	2025
Green-e	27	Generation	Shown	2023
ICM	17	Energy, full life cycle	Shown	2015
NGA	16	Well-to-use, Generation	Shown	2025
OpenIO-Canada	13	Cradle to gate	Shown	2022
Energinet	6	Well-to-use, Generation, Upstream fuel	4 of 6 shown	2025
ÖKOBAUDAT	6	Well-to-use	Shown	2023
EPPO	4	Generation, Upstream of transmission and distribution losses, Upstream fuel	Shown	2025
GLEC	4	Well-to-use	Licence-restricted	2023
UBA (DE)	4	Well-to-use, Generation	3 of 4 shown	2024
CO2emissiefactoren.be	3	Well-to-use	Shown	2025
CO2emissiefactoren.nl	3	Well-to-use, Upstream fuel	Shown	2026
DFØ	2	Energy, full life cycle	Licence-restricted	2022
MOENV coefficients	2	Generation, Well-to-use	Shown	2022
SEMARNAT	2	Generation, Upstream fuel	Shown	2024
Statistics Finland	2	Generation, Well-to-use	Shown	2024
UOS	2	Well-to-use	Shown	2024
DESNZ	1	Well-to-use	Shown	2026
ISPRA	1	Well-to-use	Shown	2025
NVE	1	Well-to-use	Shown	2025
UBA (AT)	1	Well-to-use	Shown	2023
Upphandlingsmyndigheten	1	Energy, full life cycle	Licence-restricted	2023

Source: open-climate.ai catalogue, version 1045, coverage summed over libraries.

Other subcategories

All of Electricity

Electricity by generation technology2,180 factors
Electricity distribution and trade206 factors

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Highlighted factor pages

Sorted by library. Each factor is also on its library's page.

Activity	Library	Region	Boundary	Value	Year
Electricity - Tertiary Usage: Heating	ADEME	Mainland France, excluding Corsica	Well-to-use	0.21 kgCO₂e/kWh	2017
Grid electricity	AIB	France	Generation	0.0171 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity	AIB	Slovenia	Well-to-use	0.76 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity	AIB	Iceland	Transmission and distribution losses	0.00000622 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity	AIB	Norway	Well-to-use	0.509 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity	AIB	Slovakia	Well-to-use	0.423 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Alberta	ECCC	Alberta	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.00189 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Canada	ECCC	Canada	Upstream fuel	0.0185 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - New Brunswick	ECCC	New Brunswick	Upstream fuel	0.0684 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - New Brunswick	ECCC	New Brunswick	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.00261 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Newfoundland and Labrador	ECCC	Newfoundland and Labrador	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.000221 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Northwest Territories	ECCC	Northwest Territories	Upstream fuel	0.101 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Nunavut	ECCC	Nunavut	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.00441 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Saskatchewan	ECCC	Saskatchewan	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.00664 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity - Yukon	ECCC	Yukon	Upstream fuel	0.0244 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity generation - Total output rate	eGRID	RFC Michigan (eGRID)	Well-to-use	0.543 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity generation - Total output rate	eGRID	WECC Southwest (eGRID)	Well-to-use	0.391 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity generation - Total output rate	eGRID	HICC Oahu (eGRID)	Well-to-use	0.87 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity generation - Total generation	Ember	Latvia	Energy, full life cycle	0.135 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity generation - Total generation	Ember	North America	Energy, full life cycle	0.36 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity generation - Total generation	Ember	Romania	Energy, full life cycle	0.259 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity, Eastern Denmark price area (DK2) - location-based consumption mix of the price area, imports included; combustion at the plant only, grid loss excluded (reported separately in Scope 3); heat from combined plants credited at 125 % efficiency, the default reading: the one the Danish Energy Agency and Energinet's own residual declaration use	Energinet	–	Well-to-use	0.0725 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity, Eastern Denmark price area (DK2) - location-based consumption mix of the price area, imports included; combustion at the plant only, grid loss excluded (reported separately in Scope 3); heat from combined plants credited at 200 % efficiency, the higher of Energinet's two readings	Energinet	–	Well-to-use	0.0818 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity, Western Denmark price area (DK1) - location-based consumption mix of the price area, imports included; combustion at the plant only, grid loss excluded (reported separately in Scope 3); heat from combined plants credited at 125 % efficiency, the default reading: the one the Danish Energy Agency and Energinet's own residual declaration use	Energinet	–	Well-to-use	0.105 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity, Western Denmark price area (DK1) - location-based consumption mix of the price area, imports included; combustion at the plant only, grid loss excluded (reported separately in Scope 3); heat from combined plants credited at 200 % efficiency, the higher of Energinet's two readings	Energinet	–	Well-to-use	0.113 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Purchased electricity - SERC South	EPA Hub	SERC South (eGRID)	Well-to-use	0.446 kgCO₂e/kWh	2026
Grid electricity - Thailand national average, delivered basis	EPPO	Thailand	Well-to-use	0.418 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Thailand national average, generation basis	EPPO	Thailand	Upstream of transmission and distribution losses	0.00623 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Thailand national average, generation basis	EPPO	Thailand	Generation	0.383 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Thailand national average, generation basis	EPPO	Thailand	Upstream fuel	0.0683 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity supply - Residual mix	Green-e	NPCC NYC/Westchester (eGRID)	Generation	0.393 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity supply - Residual mix	Green-e	WECC Southwest (eGRID)	Generation	0.321 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity supply - Residual mix	Green-e	NPCC Upstate NY (eGRID)	Generation	0.11 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electricity, high voltage, New South Wales	ICM	Australia	Energy, full life cycle	1.05 kgCO₂e/kWh	2015
Italy electricity and heat emission factor - electricity consumption, national average	ISPRA	Italy	Well-to-use	0.2 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity - FamilyNet Japan Co., Ltd. / Menu C	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity - Izumo Cable Vision Co., Ltd.	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.712 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - National average factor	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.423 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - Okinawa Electric Power Co., Ltd.	Japan MOE	Okinawa Prefecture	Generation	0.707 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - Q.ENEST Electric Co., Ltd. / (reference value) entire business operator	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.326 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - Saver Giken Co., Ltd.	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.864 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - Shonan Electric Power Co., Ltd. / (reference value) company-wide	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.506 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - Substitute value	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.416 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - UPX Co., Ltd. / Menu C	Japan MOE	Japan	Generation	0.466 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Purchased Electricity - Electricity used	MfE	New Zealand	Well-to-use	0.0849 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity - ALUMBRA CORPORACIÓN, S.L.	MITECO	Spain	Generation	0 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity - BARTER SHARING, S.L.	MITECO	Spain	Generation	0 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity - GURBTEC ENERGIA, S.L.	MITECO	Spain	Generation	0 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Electricity grid basis	NGA	National Electricity Market	Generation	0.6 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Residual mix	NGA	Australia	Well-to-use	0.9 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Grid electricity - Klimadeklarasjon (location-based delivered mix) and Varedeklarasjon (market-based residual mix)	NVE	Norway	Well-to-use	0.515 kgCO₂e/kWh	2025
Electricity grid mix	ÖKOBAUDAT	Germany	Well-to-use	0.478 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Residual electricity mix 2030 (based on "EU Reference Scenario 2020")	ÖKOBAUDAT	Germany	Well-to-use	0.864 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Residual electricity mix 2050 (based on "EU Reference Scenario 2020")	ÖKOBAUDAT	Germany	Well-to-use	0.584 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Usage - ventilation (1kWh electricity consumption)	ÖKOBAUDAT	Germany	Well-to-use	0.474 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution	Open CEDA	Bangladesh	Cradle to gate	5.42 kgCO₂e/USD	2023
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution	Open CEDA	Ukraine	Cradle to gate	9.08 kgCO₂e/USD	2023
Electric power generation, transmission, and distribution	Open CEDA	Qatar	Cradle to gate	18.3 kgCO₂e/USD	2023
Electricity	OpenIO-Canada	Alberta	Cradle to gate	3.28 kgCO₂e/CAD	2022
Grid electricity	SEMARNAT	Mexico	Generation	0.444 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Grid electricity	SEMARNAT	Mexico	Upstream fuel	0.0782 kgCO₂e/kWh	2024
Electricity supply, Austria - Electricity	UBA (AT)	Austria	Well-to-use	0.152 kgCO₂e/kWh	2023
German electricity mix	UBA (DE)	Germany	Generation	0.418 kgCO₂e/kWh	2021

Grid electricity emission factors

How much CO₂e, at a glance

How far apart the factors are

Per kWh · Supplier-specific mix

Per kWh · Production mix

Per kWh · Residual mix

Per kWh · Consumption mix

Priced per unit of spend

Per USD spent · Producer prices

Per CAD spent · Purchaser prices

Grid electricity by country

Location-based · production mix

Market-based · residual mix

Market-based · certified renewable

Carbon intensity of electricity in 209 countries and regions

209 places, lowest first

One grid, four numbers

Iceland

Norway

Sweden

Same grid, several sources: why the numbers differ

Germany · 9 factors

Norway · 7 factors

Italy · 5 factors

Latvia · 5 factors

Romania · 5 factors

Austria · 3 factors

What does each total include?

Values not shown

Which factor should you use?

Location-based reporting

Market-based, no contract

Market-based, named supplier

Certified renewable

Libraries that publish these factors

Other subcategories

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Highlighted factor pages