Emission factor from Google Cloud
Grid electricity - Melbourne, australia-southeast2
Australia · Generation · 2024 onwards
Value from 2024 onwards
0.454kgCO₂e/kWh
Location-based · Consumption mix · Fossil only · GWP100 · GWP vintage not stated
FossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil- Region
- Australia AU
- Boundary
- Generation
- Data quality
- LowRated by us, not by the source
- Licence
- Open · Google Cloud terms
Where 0.454 comes from
Google Cloud prints this factor as a single figure, with no parts to add up and no split by gas.
Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol
Scope 2 0.454
You buy the energy, so its generation is your Scope 2.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Electricity › Grid electricity · Australia · per kWh · Average
Generation · Location-based · Fossil only
- BoundaryGenerationCombustion at the generating plant for purchased energy carriers. Learn more
- Generation
- Calculation approachLocation-based uses the average grid mix where the electricity was consumed; market-based uses the supplier contract or the residual mix. The two can differ by an order of magnitude on the same kilowatt-hour, so they are never interchangeable. Learn more
- Location-based, consumption mix
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- Not stated by the publisher
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic methane, land-use change and biogenic CO₂; excl. biogenic CO₂ counts biogenic methane but not the other two; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- Not split by gas; CO₂e only
- Life cycle
- Upstream: not coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable
Low quality · Open licence · 2021 to now
All values
4 values: 4 methods over 4 periods back to 2021. Tap a bar.
2024 onwards · 0.390.454Default value
| AppliesYears | 0.39Default value | 0.40 | 0.34 | 0.31 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024– | ||||
| 2023 | ||||
| 2022 | ||||
| –2021 |
- Default: what search and the API return when you ask for nothing specific
What this number covers
The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Not every step on it is counted; what is left out is listed below.
Generation
Producing the electricity at the power plants that make up the mix
Included0.454Your meter
1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.
= 0.454
Outside this boundary
- Electricity lost on the network
- Producing and delivering the plants' fuel
- Building the power plants
Google Cloud counts burning fuel at the plants, not producing and delivering that fuel or building the plants.
From Google Cloud's record to a comparable factor
Google Cloud publishes this factor as one record, and a new record every year. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.
About this factor
From Google Cloud
This metric indicates the average operational gross emissions per unit of energy from the grid.Source and licence
- Publisher
- Google LLC
- Library
- Google Cloud
- Record
- australia-southeast2|2024
- Published
- 3 December 2025
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
Google Cloud region carbon data (GoogleCloudPlatform/region-carbon-info), Apache License 2.0. Grid carbon intensity derived by Google from hourly grid mix data by Electricity Maps. Not assured. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/google/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-google-grid_electricity-au-kwh-generation-95e00f2f/?v=efv1-d18b8556f0afef435ccbb8105cc78e0e
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