Spain grid emission factor: kg CO₂e per kWh by year
Spain: 0.139 kg CO₂e per kWh (139 g/kWh) for grid electricity in 2025, from AIB (location-based, production mix, well to use, upstream fuel included).
Libraries differ in two ways. The basis: a location-based figure is the average of the grid, a market-based residual mix is what a buyer without certificates reports. The boundary: generation counts the plant's own emissions only, well to use adds the fuel supply chain, and network losses are included only where the library says so.
The latest figure from each library
One row per library, basis and boundary for Spain, with the newest year it covers.
| Library | Basis | Boundary | Year | kg CO₂e/kWh | g CO₂e/kWh | Years covered |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADEME | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 2014 | 0.314 | 314 | 2014 |
| AIB | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 2025 | 0.139 | 139 | 2022-2025 |
| AIB | Market-based · residual mix | Well to use | 2025 | 0.292 | 292 | 2022-2025 |
| CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 2021 | 0.232 | 232 | 1990-2021 |
| Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2025 | 0.154 | 154 | 1990-2025 |
| Google Cloud | Location-based · consumption mix | Generation at the plant | 2024 | 0.089 | 89 | 2021-2024 |
| MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 2025 | 0.258 | 258 | 2007-2025 |
| ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2000 | 0.504 | 504 | 2000 |
| ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2005 | 0.492 | 492 | 2005 |
| ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2010 | 0.373 | 373 | 2010 |
| ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2020 | 0.346 | 346 | 2020 |
| ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 2015 | 0.373 | 373 | 2015 |
| ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 2010 | 0.392 | 392 | 2010 |
| ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 2015 | 0.412 | 412 | 2015 |
| ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 2020 | 0.365 | 365 | 2020 |
Every figure by year
Every year each library prints for Spain, newest first.
| Year | Library | Basis | Boundary | kg CO₂e/kWh | g CO₂e/kWh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2025 | AIB | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 0.139 | 139 |
| 2025 | AIB | Market-based · residual mix | Well to use | 0.292 | 292 |
| 2025 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.154 | 154 |
| 2025 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.258 | 258 |
| 2024 | AIB | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 0.132 | 132 |
| 2024 | AIB | Market-based · residual mix | Well to use | 0.355 | 355 |
| 2024 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.146 | 146 |
| 2024 | Google Cloud | Location-based · consumption mix | Generation at the plant | 0.089 | 89 |
| 2024 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.283 | 283 |
| 2023 | AIB | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 0.161 | 161 |
| 2023 | AIB | Market-based · residual mix | Well to use | 0.347 | 347 |
| 2023 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.17 | 170 |
| 2023 | Google Cloud | Location-based · consumption mix | Generation at the plant | 0.131 | 131 |
| 2023 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.26 | 260 |
| 2022 | AIB | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 0.216 | 216 |
| 2022 | AIB | Market-based · residual mix | Well to use | 0.343 | 343 |
| 2022 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.217 | 217 |
| 2022 | Google Cloud | Location-based · consumption mix | Generation at the plant | 0.16 | 160 |
| 2022 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.273 | 273 |
| 2021 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.232 | 232 |
| 2021 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.194 | 194 |
| 2021 | Google Cloud | Location-based · consumption mix | Generation at the plant | 0.121 | 121 |
| 2021 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.259 | 259 |
| 2020 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.243 | 243 |
| 2020 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.199 | 199 |
| 2020 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.25 | 250 |
| 2020 | ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.346 | 346 |
| 2020 | ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 0.365 | 365 |
| 2019 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.304 | 304 |
| 2019 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.247 | 247 |
| 2019 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.31 | 310 |
| 2018 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.397 | 397 |
| 2018 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.291 | 291 |
| 2018 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.41 | 410 |
| 2017 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.439 | 439 |
| 2017 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.329 | 329 |
| 2017 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.43 | 430 |
| 2016 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.39 | 390 |
| 2016 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.283 | 283 |
| 2016 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.36 | 360 |
| 2015 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.46 | 460 |
| 2015 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.328 | 328 |
| 2015 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.4 | 400 |
| 2015 | ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.373 | 373 |
| 2015 | ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 0.412 | 412 |
| 2014 | ADEME | Location-based · production mix | Well to use | 0.314 | 314 |
| 2014 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.404 | 404 |
| 2014 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.289 | 289 |
| 2014 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.37 | 370 |
| 2013 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.386 | 386 |
| 2013 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.287 | 287 |
| 2013 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.36 | 360 |
| 2012 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.472 | 472 |
| 2012 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.351 | 351 |
| 2012 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.4 | 400 |
| 2011 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.445 | 445 |
| 2011 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.337 | 337 |
| 2011 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.36 | 360 |
| 2010 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.369 | 369 |
| 2010 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.288 | 288 |
| 2010 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.31 | 310 |
| 2010 | ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.373 | 373 |
| 2010 | ProBas | Location-based · consumption mix | Full life cycle | 0.392 | 392 |
| 2009 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.461 | 461 |
| 2009 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.355 | 355 |
| 2009 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.33 | 330 |
| 2008 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.506 | 506 |
| 2008 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.39 | 390 |
| 2008 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.42 | 420 |
| 2007 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.593 | 593 |
| 2007 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.439 | 439 |
| 2007 | MITECO | Market-based · residual mix | Generation at the plant | 0.45 | 450 |
| 2006 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.589 | 589 |
| 2006 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.433 | 433 |
| 2005 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.622 | 622 |
| 2005 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.475 | 475 |
| 2005 | ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.492 | 492 |
| 2004 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.601 | 601 |
| 2004 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.449 | 449 |
| 2003 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.598 | 598 |
| 2003 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.429 | 429 |
| 2002 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.687 | 687 |
| 2002 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.482 | 482 |
| 2001 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.595 | 595 |
| 2001 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.422 | 422 |
| 2000 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.677 | 677 |
| 2000 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.471 | 471 |
| 2000 | ProBas | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.504 | 504 |
| 1999 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.702 | 702 |
| 1999 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.483 | 483 |
| 1998 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.605 | 605 |
| 1998 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.424 | 424 |
| 1997 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.617 | 617 |
| 1997 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.431 | 431 |
| 1996 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.568 | 568 |
| 1996 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.386 | 386 |
| 1995 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.724 | 724 |
| 1995 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.466 | 466 |
| 1994 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.655 | 655 |
| 1994 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.434 | 434 |
| 1993 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.671 | 671 |
| 1993 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.444 | 444 |
| 1992 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.771 | 771 |
| 1992 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.473 | 473 |
| 1991 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.682 | 682 |
| 1991 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.427 | 427 |
| 1990 | CoM | Location-based · consumption mix | Well to use | 0.689 | 689 |
| 1990 | Ember | Location-based · production mix | Full life cycle | 0.437 | 437 |
Source: the open records of the open-climate.ai catalogue, version 1677.
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