Green-e - Center for Resource Solutions

The Center for Resource Solutions' Green-e residual mix emission rates for the 27 US eGRID subregions, the market-based counterpart to eGRID's location-based rates for Scope 2 electricity.

Non-profit

Grid mix
Electricity

SpecialistOpen licence

Publisher's page Browse 27 factors

Factors

Values

270

One per year and method

Regions

Edition

2025 edition

published 29 Jan 2026 · all versions

Last loaded

24 Sept 2026

Report a newer version

Overview

The Center for Resource Solutions (CRS), which runs the Green-e certification programme, publishes a residual mix rate for each eGRID subregion. It serves market-based Scope 2 reporting: the grid's emissions once voluntary certified renewable sales have been taken out.

CRS publishes one web page per edition, such as the 2025 residual mix, at irregular intervals. Each edition is built on a named eGRID edition.

At a glance

Publisher: Center for Resource Solutions
Kind: Non-profit
Scope: SpecialistOne category holds at least 5% of its factors: Electricity, with 100.0%. A generalist needs 4.
Home region: United States
Edition: 2025 edition
Licence: Open licence (crs-green-e-no-stated-licence)

Open data

How this works

What open-climate.ai standardised

over the publisher's own fileHow we standardise

One category axis

27 of 27 factor values mapped to one category

Learn more 6 checks behind this

Coded regions

27 regions as ISO or registry codes

Learn more 3 checks behind this

Canonical units

1 canonical unit in 1 unit families, raw unit kept

Learn more 4 checks behind this

Warming potentials

None is converted: every value keeps the publisher's GWP.

27 factor values left on the publisher's GWP

Learn more 7 checks behind this · 1 known limitation

6 more things standardised

Declared boundaries

1 boundary code

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Electricity mix

27 electricity factors state their instrument; one default, market first

Learn more 5 checks behind this

Data quality

27 of 27 factor values rated on one quality tier

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Languages

English: 100.0% of factor values

German: 100.0% of factor values

French: 100.0% of factor values

Learn more 9 checks behind this

Traceable to the source

135 source rows archived

Learn more 4 checks behind this

Stable addresses

Slugs never break

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Audit checks

91 passed1 known limitation3 enforced when loadedlast run 25 Sept 2026

Checks we run on every load to keep the data above trustworthy. Counts are for this library; the grey figure is the same check across all libraries. Point at the i to see why a check matters.

What the statuses mean How checks are counted Why we check How checks are grouped

Needs attention

Fossil-only values list the gases that back the label
Known limitation · 108 in this library · 19,942 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm the fossil-only label. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.

One category axis

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Every source category maps to our vocabulary
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters A factor with no category drops out of every category filter and comparison. The load stops rather than serve one.
The publisher's classification is kept
Passed
Why it matters You can still find a factor the way the publisher filed it, and check our mapping against theirs.
Every classification level has a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A broken tree hides factors from browse and puts them in the wrong category totals.
Every product code comes with the codes above it
Passed
Why it matters In product codes like HS or CPC, a search for a chapter should reach every code inside it. A missing level hides the factor from that search.
A publisher's own classification is used only by that publisher
Passed
Why it matters A publisher's own tree only makes sense inside its library. Filed under another publisher's codes, a factor would show up in categories that do not describe it.
A standard classification code has one label in every library
Passed
Why it matters Codes like NACE or NAICS are meant to link libraries. If one code carries two labels, you cannot tell whether both libraries mean the same activity.

Coded regions

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Every region is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Free text like “France continentale” cannot be filtered or joined to your own data. A code can.
No named region is filed under a broader one
Passed
Why it matters A French factor filed as World would be applied to the wrong country, or lose to a global value in a search for France.
Every region sits in the world hierarchy
Passed
Why it matters A search for Europe has to reach France. A region outside the hierarchy is invisible to broader searches.

Canonical units

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Every unit is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Activity data only multiplies correctly when the unit is exact. An unknown unit stops the load.
One source unit maps to one unit
Passed
Why it matters If one of the publisher's units were read as two different units, factors that share it would give inconsistent footprints.
A unit label means the same in every library
Passed
Why it matters Comparing two libraries is only safe when a label like t.km means tonne-kilometre in both.
A unit label that names no basis folds one way
Passed · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters A label like GJ says nothing about the heating value behind it. If the same bare label folds to two different units, two factors that look alike are not comparable.

Declared boundaries

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Every boundary states what it includes
Passed
Why it matters Cradle-to-gate and full life-cycle values can differ several times over. Without a stated boundary you cannot tell which you are adding up.
Boundary scope terms are known codes
Passed
Why it matters Consistent terms let you keep exactly the life-cycle stages your inventory needs.
No two factors for the same activity partly overlap in scope
Passed
Why it matters Two totals that share some stages but not all cannot safely be added or swapped: adding them counts the shared stages twice.
Separate stages of one activity are linked as parts
Passed
Why it matters Stages served as unrelated factors give no total, so you may use one stage and miss the others.
Every part of a factor states its boundary
Passed
Why it matters A part with an unknown boundary cannot be told apart from the other parts, so you cannot pick out, say, the combustion share of a total.
Each biofuel follows one convention for biogenic CO2
Passed · 12 in all libraries
Why it matters Burning a biofuel releases CO2 that some publishers count and others leave out, so the same fuel can differ many times over between libraries.
No recycling credit is hidden inside a life-cycle total
Passed
Why it matters A negative total may be a credit for avoided emissions. Filed as a life-cycle burden, it would quietly subtract emissions from your footprint.

Warming potentials

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Methane and nitrous oxide figures match the stated GWP
Passed
Why it matters If a gas's CO2e is not its mass times the stated GWP, the GWP label is wrong, and converting the value to another GWP version would give a wrong result.
Every convertible value has its AR6 version
Passed
Why it matters Reporting now asks for AR6. Mixing AR5 and AR6 shifts methane-heavy totals by several percent.
CO2e totals agree with their gases
Passed · 3,229 in all libraries
Why it matters A value labelled fossil-only should carry no gas other than CO2 and not exceed its own CO2. When it does, the label or the total is wrong.
Fossil-only values list the gases that back the label
Known limitation · 108 in this library · 19,942 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm the fossil-only label. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.
Standardised figures keep every gas the publisher lists
Passed
Why it matters The comparable figure we serve must carry each gas the publisher reported. A lost gas makes the breakdown disagree with the total and hides that gas from you.
Every value states what its CO2e total includes
Passed
Why it matters For a biofuel, a total with or without biogenic CO2 can differ widely. Without that convention you cannot tell which one you are comparing.
A library with no AR6 version at all has a recorded reason
Passed
Why it matters Values that cannot be converted to AR6 cannot be compared with AR6 figures. That has to be a documented decision, not something missed at load.

Electricity mix

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Every electricity factor states its mix
Passed
Why it matters Without its mix you cannot tell a location-based figure from a market-based one, and Scope 2 reporting needs both side by side.
The market-based value is the default
Passed
Why it matters The default then matches the figure most Scope 2 reports lead with, and a green-tariff zero is never the default when another figure exists.
One default value per factor and year
Passed
Why it matters Two defaults for one year give two answers to the same lookup.
Every green-electricity zero is a market-based value
Passed
Why it matters A zero from a green contract only holds for the buyer of that contract. Filed as location-based, it would put a zero on the physical grid.
Green-electricity zeros are not rated below market-based peers
Passed
Why it matters A green-contract zero is the contract's own figure. Marked down for being zero, it would lose to less relevant values when you look up contracted supply.

Data quality

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Quality ratings fall inside their scale
Passed
Why it matters An out-of-scale rating cannot be compared, so the value would be ranked arbitrarily.
Every zero value is explained
Passed
Why it matters A zero can be real (contracted renewable power) or a gap in the data. A gap read as real erases emissions from your total.
No default value is withheld for poor quality
Passed
Why it matters A default rated too poor to serve is hidden from search and exports, so that factor is missing for you even when it is the right one.
No implausibly high per-kilogram value is rated reliable
Passed
Why it matters Above 1,000 kgCO2e per kg is often a unit slip, such as grams read as kilograms. Rated reliable, such a value could inflate a footprint a thousandfold.
Every quality level gives a recognised reason
Passed
Why it matters The reason explains why a value got its quality level. An unrecognised one cannot be filtered on or explained to you.
A zero that is only a gap in the source is withheld
Passed
Why it matters A zero with no quality signal, or an implausible regulatory default of zero, is more likely missing data than a real zero. Served, it would erase emissions from your total.
The library is not rated entirely on one fallback quality level
Passed
Why it matters When every value gets the same level because the publisher gives no quality signal, the level tells you nothing and cannot rank one value above another.

Languages

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Every factor has an English name
Passed
Why it matters Every factor can be searched and cited in one shared language, whatever the publisher's.
Translations match the current source text
Passed · 286,941 in all libraries
Why it matters When the publisher rewords a label, an old translation can describe a different activity than the one priced.
Every served factor has a name
Passed
Why it matters A factor with no name in any language shows as a blank row: you cannot search for it or tell what it measures.
Factors are searched on their English name where one exists
Passed · 7 in all libraries
Why it matters Search matches your query against one name per factor. A name kept in the publisher's language, when an English one exists, is harder to find in English.
Every language with a main name also has a full name
Passed
Why it matters Without the full name, the detail that tells similar factors apart is missing in that language, so two different factors can look identical.
Full names are built from their parts in the same language
Passed
Why it matters A full name must read as the main name followed by its detail. Translated separately, it can drift and describe a slightly different activity.
Every text is labelled with its real language
Passed
Why it matters A French name labelled English would be shown to English readers and matched against English searches.
Every description is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters A description missing from the per-language text store is not shown in your language, and never gets translated.
Every usage note is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters Names and notes are served from one text store per language. A note missing from that store is not shown, and never gets translated.

Traceable to the source

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Values traced to one source row agree with each other
Passed
Why it matters Each value traces back to one source row. When values that disagree share a row, it can back only one of them, which weakens that audit trail.
No duplicate factors are served
Passed · 302 in all libraries
Why it matters Identical duplicates split search results and invite counting the same factor twice.
No factor value claims two things that cannot both be true
Passed · 5,836 in all libraries
Why it matters For example, a purchaser price that leaves out retail or delivery, or packaging on an energy unit. One of the two claims is wrong, and you cannot tell which.
No factor value the publisher has withdrawn is still served
Passed · 556 in all libraries
Why it matters The publisher's end date for the value has passed. The figure may be out of date, so look for a newer one before you use it.

Other checks

An activity's grouping key names only the activity
Passed · 6 in all libraries
Why it matters If the key also carried the unit, country or scope, one activity would split into several, and search would not show you its other versions side by side.
A Creative Commons credit names its licence
Passed
Why it matters CC BY asks you to say which licence applies. A credit that leaves it out makes your attribution incomplete when you copy it.
No note of ours appears in the credit or licence notice
Passed
Why it matters Our own notes on how we handle the data would end up in the credit you reproduce, as if the publisher had written them.
The credit line carries no terms of use
Passed
Why it matters You copy the credit line as it stands. Terms of use belong in the licence notice, which you read rather than reproduce.
Every part links to a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A part that points nowhere gets summed twice or dropped when you use the parent total.
Every impact assessment method is a recognised code
Passed
Why it matters Free text in place of a code splits one method into several spellings, so filtering by method misses some of its values.
Summed totals keep their parts' classification
Passed
Why it matters A total takes a classification only when all its parts share it. Otherwise it lands in a category its parts do not support, or misses one they all share.
Every summed total has a classification when its parts do
Passed
Why it matters A total with no classification drops out of every category filter, even though its parts are filed there.
An avoided credit is linked to the burden it belongs to
Passed
Why it matters Served on its own, a credit reads as a factor in its own right. Linked beside its burden, it applies only where it belongs and is never subtracted twice.
Every value is typed as specific, generic or average
Passed
Why it matters The type says how closely a figure fits the product you bought. Any other word would be invisible to a filter on it.
Summed totals equal their parts on every gas
Passed
Why it matters Where a total is the sum of its parts, the two must agree on every gas. Otherwise your footprint changes depending on whether you use the total or the parts.
Validity dates are the publisher's own, never guessed
Passed
Why it matters A start date we invented looks just like one the publisher printed, and would hide correct factor values from a search for what applied on a given date.
Quality breakdowns use their scheme's axes
Passed
Why it matters A score on an axis the scheme does not define, or off its scale, cannot be read, so the breakdown behind a rating would mislead.
No battery-electric vehicle carries tailpipe emissions
Passed
Why it matters An electric vehicle has no tailpipe. A non-zero combustion figure means its electricity emissions sit in the wrong place, or are counted twice.
The text of each estimated factor matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters An estimated factor's description states the year, shares and quality behind it. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
A total built on an estimated part is marked as estimated
Passed
Why it matters If the total lost the mark, you would read a figure we partly computed as one the publisher printed.
Every estimate is built only from data we may redistribute
Passed
Why it matters An estimate derived from restricted data would pass that data on under our open licence, which its owner never allowed.
No estimated factor is rated above the data it was built from
Passed
Why it matters An estimate cannot be more reliable than its inputs. Rating it higher would lead you to trust it more than a published figure.
No estimate is served where the publisher printed the figure
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher states the number itself, theirs is the one to use. An estimate beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
Every estimated factor still matches the inputs it was computed from
Passed
Why it matters When an input is revised or withdrawn, the estimate built on it is out of date until it is recomputed.
Every factor with a current value has a default
Passed
Why it matters A factor with values but no default is left out of the served catalogue, so you would never find it in search or exports.
Every factor has a value, in a library that publishes values
Passed
Why it matters A factor listed with no number looks like a match in search but gives you nothing to calculate with.
Every fixed group of regions lists what it covers
Passed
Why it matters A group like “Europe outside the EU” with no member list cannot be placed, so its factor values never match a search for any country in it.
Where both exist, the residual mix is shown before the green-tariff zero
Passed
Why it matters Green electricity counts as zero only for buyers who hold the matching certificates. Showing zero by default would understate everyone else's emissions.
The newest edition of each value is the one marked current
Passed
Why it matters If an older edition stayed marked as current, you would get superseded numbers, or two answers for the same factor.
Factor descriptions describe the factor, not the whole library
Passed
Why it matters When the same long text is repeated on every factor, it tells you nothing about the one you are looking at and hides what is specific to it.
Every library's licence has its rights recorded
Passed
Why it matters Without them, the library page cannot tell you what you may do with the data: share it, change it or use it commercially.
Every green-electricity zero is exactly zero and says why
Passed
Why it matters A green-tariff factor is zero by rule. Any other number, or a zero with no stated reason, would mean the rule was applied wrongly.
Green-electricity zeros cover power generation only
Passed
Why it matters Certificates cover the power plant's emissions, not grid losses or the upstream fuel chain. A zero on those stages would understate your Scope 2 and Scope 3 figures.
Only a total we computed may mix GWP vintages
Passed
Why it matters A published row states one GWP vintage. A mix of AR5 and AR6 can only come from a total assembled out of several rows, and saying so tells you the number was computed, not published.
Spend factors state their price year and basis
Passed
Why it matters A 2019 euro is not a 2024 euro, and a purchaser price includes margins a basic price does not. Without both, spend footprints drift.
Every value has a number, a GWP version and a reference year
Passed
Why it matters Without the number there is nothing to multiply. Without the GWP version or the year, you cannot tell whether two values are comparable.
No factor description is too long to display in full
Passed · 4 in all libraries
Why it matters Text beyond the limit is cut short on the factor page, so part of what the publisher wrote shows only in the download.
Every excused arithmetic disagreement is stated
Passed
Why it matters Where a publisher's own total does not equal its parts and we serve it anyway, the exception is listed on every audit run rather than left in code where nobody sees it.
Every reference year falls between 1960 and next year
Passed
Why it matters A year outside that range points to a typo or a misread column, and would put the value in the wrong period when you filter by year.
The parts of a total are never listed twice under one label
Passed
Why it matters A group that repeats a part label is a list of terms, not a split of the total, so adding its rows up would count some emissions twice.
Every residual mix has its green-tariff counterpart
Passed
Why it matters Market-based Scope 2 reporting needs both: the residual mix for ordinary contracts and a zero for certified green power. With one missing, you have to find it elsewhere.
Every factor points to its top parent
Passed
Why it matters Search groups parts under their top factor. A stale link shows a part as a stand-alone result.
Every publisher's quality rating system is read
Passed
Why it matters If we do not read a publisher's rating system, its values are treated as unrated and marked down, although the publisher rated them.
A supplier named in the source is linked to the factor
Passed
Why it matters If the supplier is named but not linked, you cannot filter by supplier or tell a company's own figure from a generic one.
No factor is an unlinked part of another factor
Passed
Why it matters If one stage of a total is also served on its own, beside that total, adding both counts the same emissions twice.
A part covering the same scope as its total is linked to it
Passed
Why it matters When a part and the total beside it cover exactly the same scope, nothing in the numbers tells them apart. Linking them stops you adding a part to the total that already contains it.
A year in a factor's name matches its reference year
Passed
Why it matters A name like “Grid 2019” on a 2023 value usually means a yearly series was flattened, so you could apply one year's figure to another.

How the audit works

What can I do with this data?

Open licence · credit the publisher

Your rights

Open licence · crs-green-e-no-stated-licence

Use it to calculate my own footprint: Yes
Publish my footprint results: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
Share the file with my customers: Unclear: ask Center for Resource Solutions (CRS)
Put the factors in a product I sell: Unclear: ask Center for Resource Solutions (CRS)
Modify it or combine it with my own data: Unclear: ask Center for Resource Solutions (CRS)

Our reading, where no written grant settles it, checked on 14 Sept 2026

No licence stated; CRS asserts copyright. The data page asks: "Users reporting their GHG data should cite the use of these residual mix rates in their accounting." Served on the owner's risk decision of 2026-09-14.

Credit line

Data: Green-e Residual Mix Emission Rates, Center for Resource Solutions. Users reporting their GHG data should cite the use of these residual mix rates in their accounting. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/green_e (CC BY 4.0)

Not legal advice: the publisher's terms prevail.

Full terms

How to read these answers

Coverage

What the library covers, by category and by boundary. Click a slice to drill in, then a sub-category or a boundary to filter the factors below.

By category

27factors

Click a slice to see what is under it. Click a name to hide it from the ring.

By boundary

27factors

Click a slice to see what is under it. Click a name to hide it from the ring.

Browse factors

Currency

top 0 matches

Saved	Unfold	Activity		Sub-category	Region	Boundary			Unit	GWP

Versions

How this works

Checked for updates 18 Sept 2026: the publisher still shows the edition we serve (2 signals watched)

Version	Published	Loaded	Status	Source
2025 edition	29 Jan 2026	24 Sept 2026	Served	Source

Methodology

How this works

CRS takes eGRID's subregion emissions and divides them by net generation minus the Green-e certified voluntary renewable sales in that subregion. Removing zero-carbon generation raises the rate above the location-based one.
Rates are published in lb per MWh; we serve kg per kWh.
The reference year is the data year of the eGRID edition each page cites, not the Green-e publication year: the 2025 edition rests on eGRID2023 (2023) and the 2021 edition on eGRID2019.
The gas scope follows eGRID. The 2025 edition is CO2e, with AR5 100-year GWPs as applied by eGRID2023. The 2021 to 2024 editions are CO2 only, although every edition prints the same "lb CO2/MWh" header.
The boundary is generation inside the subregion: electricity imported from or exported to other regions is ignored.

CRS writes one description, one calculation note and one Scope 2 note for the whole table, so they belong to the library rather than to any one subregion. In its own words:

The information in this table can be used to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with untracked and unclaimed U.S.-based sources of electricity, based on location of consumption. The table provides the “Green-e® residual mix emissions rate,” an emissions rate that is adjusted to remove all Green-e® Energy certified sales for each Emissions & Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID) subregion (see eGrid subregion map).

The residual mix emissions rate is calculated by first subtracting all unique Green-e® Energy certified sales (in megawatt-hours [MWh]) from the total generation within each subregion. The total CO2 emissions for each region are then divided by this new generation number for each subregion, resulting in an adjusted emissions rate (lb CO2/MWh) that accounts for use of renewable energy from a Green-e® Energy certified product.

When calculating the emissions from unspecified purchased or acquired electricity (considered “Scope 2” emissions, as defined by the World Resources Institute [WRI]), where more-accurate information about the resources and emissions associated with electricity use is not available from the user’s state, region, or electricity supplier, residual mix emissions rates should be used. Regional residual mix emissions rates that factor out all specified electricity purchases are not yet available for all regions of the U.S. or published by a national data source. Until such time, Green-e® residual mixes are available, which factor out all Green-e® Energy certified sales of renewable energy. Users reporting their GHG data should cite the use of these residual mix rates in their accounting. Use of these numbers is compatible with WRI’s Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 2 Guidance, which defines residual mix in more detail. Green-e® Energy also offers the Green-e® Energy Summary of WRI Scope 2 Guidance, a guide for purchasers of Green-e® Energy certified renewable energy on how to calculate Scope 2 emissions.

Generation from facilities that cannot be readily assigned to eGRID subregions is excluded from these residual mix emissions rates.

Borrowed vintage: not Green-e's own publication year but the eGRID edition its page cites for the mix behind the value (2019-2023).

What we import

Editions 2021 to 2025: 27 factors, one per subregion, with one value per reference year from 2019 to 2023, 135 values in all.
Five subregions (HIMS, HIOA, NYCW, NYLI, PRMS) had no Green-e certified sales, so their residual rate equals the location-based rate. We keep them, so both Scope 2 methods still work there.
Not imported: the 2017 to 2020 editions (104 rows).
French names are machine translated.

CRS prints the residual mix only. Beside each residual value, open-climate.ai adds a market-based value of 0 for a green contract, marked as assigned: 0 is the GHG Protocol's generation value for a certificate-backed kilowatt-hour, not an estimate. No loss or fuel-chain leg is added here: CRS prints no location-based value to compute them from. How the legs are estimated.

Licence

How this works

Open, on our own risk assessment since 2026-09-14. CRS grants no data licence: its pages assert copyright and "All rights reserved", and "Green-e" is an enforced trademark. open-climate.ai has no written grant from CRS; if CRS refuses one, these factors return to restricted. CRS asks users to cite: "Green-e Residual Mix Emission Rates, Center for Resource Solutions. Users reporting their GHG data should cite the use of these residual mix rates in their accounting."

What can I do with this data?

Credit line: Green-e Residual Mix Emission Rates, Center for Resource Solutions. Users reporting their GHG data should cite the use of these residual mix rates in their accounting.

crs-green-e-no-stated-licence

Limitations

The gas scope changes at 2023: the step from CO2 to CO2e adds about 0.3 to 0.6% on top of the real grid change, so a 2022 to 2023 trend mixes the two.
CRS's own guidance (March 2024) says this method "only removes voluntary specified transactions, double counts non-voluntary specified transactions" and is "less accurate and also less conservative". The rate is therefore biased low.
The certified sales deducted are a 12-month slice of a pool eligible over 21 months, which adds to that low bias.
A generation boundary is not a consumption boundary. The gap is largest in subregions that import heavily: CAMX, NEWE, NYCW and NYLI.
A matching location-based eGRID rate is loaded for 2023 only.
All 27 factors share one name; only the subregion tells them apart.
The green value of 0 covers generation only, and only for electricity backed by certificates that meet the Scope 2 quality criteria. The delivered kilowatt-hour also carries grid losses and a fuel chain, which this library does not estimate.

Changelog

2026-09-25: a green value of 0 added beside each residual value, 135 in all.
2026-09-24: CRS's description, methodology and Scope 2 texts moved off the 27 factors and onto this page; they were one library-level paragraph repeated on every detail page.
2026-09-14: licence moved from restricted to open.
2026-08-24: editions 2021 to 2024 corrected to CO2 only; CRS description, methodology and guidance texts added.
2026-08-24: editions 2021 to 2025 loaded.

Know a newer edition?

If Green-e has published an edition we do not serve yet, tell us where to find it.