Value from 2025 onwards
0.418kgCO₂e/kWh
Location-based · Production mix · Fossil only · CO₂ only
FossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil- Region
- Thailand TH
- Boundary
- Generation and network losses
- Data quality
- LowDoes not match the publisher's own annual figure
- Licence
- Open · EPPO terms
Where 0.418 comes from
EPPO prints this factor as a single figure, with no parts to add up.
Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol
Scope 2 + 3.3 Energy upstream 0.418
This one figure covers both together; no split between them is given.
You buy the energy, so its generation is your Scope 2.
The fuel behind it and the energy lost on the way to you are Scope 3, category 3.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Electricity › Grid electricity · Thailand · per kWh · Average
Generation and network losses · Location-based · Fossil only
- BoundaryGeneration and network lossesDelivered without its upstream chain: one unit of a delivered energy carrier (electricity, steam or hot water, chilled water) priced as the generation or heat production plus the transmission and distribution losses between the plant and the point of use, without the well-to-tank chain of the fuel the plant burns. Learn more
- Generation and network losses
- Calculation approachLocation-based uses the average grid mix where the electricity was consumed; market-based uses the supplier contract or the residual mix. The two can differ by an order of magnitude on the same kilowatt-hour, so they are never interchangeable. Learn more
- Location-based, production mix
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- None: the value counts CO₂ alone
- CO₂ weighs 1 in every IPCC report, so no GWP applies
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic methane, land-use change and biogenic CO₂; excl. biogenic CO₂ counts biogenic methane but not the other two; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil onlyFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- All of it is CO₂
- Life cycle
- Upstream: not coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable
Low quality · Open licence · 2000 to now
All values
26 values, one per year back to 2000. Every one is location-based, production mix, fossil only, so the years compare directly.
2025 onwards0.418Default value
| AppliesYears | TotalkgCO₂e/kWh | EPPO recordRecord |
|---|---|---|
| 0.418Default value | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.438 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.438 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.451 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.477 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.486 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.49 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.5 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.512 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.538 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.558 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.587 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.586 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.588 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.584 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.609 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.614 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.624 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.63 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.634 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.634 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.644 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.635 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.652 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.676 | dataset_11_80 | |
| 0.713 | dataset_11_80 |
- Default: what search and the API return when you ask for nothing specific
What this number covers
The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Not every step on it is counted; what is left out is listed below.
Generation
Producing the electricity at the power plants that make up the mix
Included, not split outNetwork losses
Electricity lost between the plant and your meter, which still had to be generated
Included, not split outYour meter
1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.
= 0.418
Outside this boundary
- Producing and delivering the plants' fuel
- Building the power plants
- Building the grid
EPPO counts burning fuel at the plants, not producing and delivering that fuel or building the plants.
Gases
Basis: Fossil onlyFossil carbon only: biogenic CO₂, methane from biogenic sources and land-use change are left out. Learn moreFossilBio CH₄Land useBio CO₂EN 15804 GWP-fossil
- Fossil CO₂0.418
The CO₂e counts fossil carbon only; biogenic CO₂, biogenic methane and land-use carbon are left out.
From EPPO's record to a comparable factor
EPPO publishes this factor as one record. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.
About this factor
From EPPO
Machine-translatedCO₂ released by Thailand's power generation over the electricity Thailand consumed. EPPO divides the generation-side numerator by national consumption, so the ratio carries transmission and distribution losses; the annual value here is the emission-weighted aggregate of EPPO's monthly rows.Source and licence
- Publisher
- Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), Ministry of Energy, Thailand
- Library
- EPPO
- Record
- dataset_11_80
- Published
- 31 August 2026
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
Source: Energy Policy and Planning Office (EPPO), Ministry of Energy, Thailand. catalog.eppo.go.th. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/eppo_thailand/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-eppothailand-grid_electricity-th-kwh-generation_and_network-833a12ea/?v=efv1-21b6eb26d8731081699166153a7ddbef
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