Each kilowatt-hour you buy without a green tariff or certificate behind it counts as 0.423 kg CO₂e: 0.351 at the power plants, 0.0646 for the fuel supplied to the power plants (estimated) and 0.00754 for the electricity lost on the network (estimated).
Value for any year
0.423kgCO₂e/kWh
Market-based · Residual mix · Fossil only · GWP100 · AR5
One value, for any year
AIB sets no date window, so there is no year to pick.
Reference year 2025
Estimated Summed by open-climate.ai from 3 parts, 2 of them estimated by us
- Region
- Slovakia SK
- Boundary
- Well-to-use
- Data quality
- LowRated by us, not by the source
- Licence
- Open · AIB terms
Where 0.423 comes from
- Scope 20.35182.9%
- Fuel supplyEstimatedDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 30.064615.3%
- Network lossesEstimatedDerived by open-climate.aiScope 3, cat. 30.007541.8%
Σ 0.423: open-climate.ai adds up the three parts. AIB prints generation. open-climate.ai estimates fuel supply and network losses from other published figures.
Reporting this kilowatt-hour under the GHG Protocol
Scope 2 0.351 Scope 3, category 3 0.0721
You buy the energy, so its generation is your Scope 2.
The fuel behind it and the energy lost on the way to you are Scope 3, category 3.
The factor, standardised
Every factor on open-climate.ai answers the same questions in the same words, whatever the publisher. Open any ⓘ for the definition.
Electricity › Grid electricity · Slovakia · per kWh · Average
Well-to-use · Market-based · Fossil only · AR5
- BoundaryWell-to-useOne unit of energy as consumed, priced from the well to the point of use: the well-to-tank chain plus the burn for a fuel; generation, its well-to-tank and the transmission and distribution losses for a delivered carrier (electricity, steam or hot water, chilled water). Learn more
- Well-to-use
- Fuel supply, generation and network losses
- Calculation approachLocation-based uses the average grid mix where the electricity was consumed; market-based uses the supplier contract or the residual mix. The two can differ by an order of magnitude on the same kilowatt-hour, so they are never interchangeable. Learn more
- Market-based, residual mix
- GWP methodWhich IPCC assessment report's warming potentials convert each gas to CO₂e, and over how many years the warming is counted (GWP100: 100 years). Learn more
- IPCC AR5, 100-year horizon
- Not on the record; set from AIB's method notes
- CO₂e basisWhich carbon the CO₂e counts. Fossil only leaves out biogenic CO₂ and land use; net total counts every pool, net of removals. The same activity on two bases is two different numbers. Learn more
- Fossil only
- Not split by gas; CO₂e only
- Life cycle
- Upstream: coveredProduction: coveredDownstream: not applicableEnd of life: not applicable
Low quality · Open licence · Any year
All values
4 values for the same period, one per method.
0.423 kgCO₂e/kWh, AR5 GWP100, with no date window.
Default valueThe default: what search results and the API return when you ask for no method.
The residual mix is what you report under the market-based method when you hold no green contract.
| Method | Value |
|---|---|
| 0.114Derived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.0281Assigned | |
| 0.423Default valueDerived by open-climate.ai | |
| 0.315Derived by open-climate.ai |
- Default: what search and the API return when you ask for nothing specific
- Derived by open-climate.ai
- AssignedSet by rule, not printed
What this number covers
The path of one kilowatt-hour, from the fuel to your meter. Every step on it is counted.
Fuel supply
Extracting, processing and transporting the fuel the plants burn
IncludedScope 3, cat. 30.0646Generation
Producing the electricity at the power plants that make up the mix
IncludedScope 20.351Network losses
Electricity lost between the plant and your meter, which still had to be generated
IncludedScope 3, cat. 30.00754Your meter
1 kWh used. The factor is per kWh measured here.
= 0.423
Outside this boundary
- Building the power plants
- Building the grid
Capital goods and infrastructure sit outside every well-to-use factor, in every library.
Gases
AIB publishes this factor as CO₂e only, with no split by gas. The CO₂e counts fossil carbon only; biogenic CO₂, biogenic methane and land-use carbon are left out.
From AIB's record to a comparable factor
AIB publishes one of the three parts; open-climate.ai estimated the others and added them all up to this total. Here is each field as printed and what open-climate.ai made of it.
The total and its parts
Each part has its own page. Use a part on its own when you report Scope 2 and Scope 3 separately; never add a part to the total.
About this factor
Source and licence
- Value
- Summed by open-climate.ai from its parts
- Publisher
- Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB)
- Library
- AIB 2025
- Published
- 28 May 2026
The values and their metadata are served in full and may be reused with credit to the publisher.
Cite this factor
Source: Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB), European Residual Mixes 2025. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/aib/ (CC BY 4.0). https://open-climate.ai/factors/ef-aib-grid_electricity-sk-kwh-well_to_use-9054e58a/?v=efv1-1d067bb827e9144cddfe49bc0a7bffd9
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