South Africa grid emission factor: kg CO₂e per kWh by year

South Africa: 0.699 kg CO₂e per kWh (699 g/kWh) for grid electricity in 2025, from Ember (location-based, production mix, full life cycle).

Libraries differ in two ways. The basis: a location-based figure is the average of the grid, a market-based residual mix is what a buyer without certificates reports. The boundary: generation counts the plant's own emissions only, well to use adds the fuel supply chain, and network losses are included only where the library says so.