DCE - DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University

Denmark's national combustion emission factors for stationary plants and mobile sources, by fuel and technology, as used in the Danish national emission inventories and published by DCE, the Danish Centre for Environment and Energy at Aarhus University.

ResearchSpecialistRestricted licence

Publisher's page Browse 1,160 factors

Factors

1,160

Values

1,160

One per year and method

Countries

1 region, sub-national included

Edition

2024

published 2 Jan 2026 · all versions

Last loaded

1 Oct 2026

Report a newer version

Overview

DCE compiles Denmark's national emission inventories for the UNFCCC, the EU and the UNECE air convention. On its emission factors page it publishes the emission factors those inventories use, as web tables revised every year. The edition loaded is data year 2024: the stationary combustion table stamped 31 December 2025 and the mobile sources table stamped 2 January 2026.

The stationary table gives one factor per fuel and SNAP process code: public power, district heating, each industry branch, commercial and institutional plants, households and agriculture, split further by technology such as boilers, gas turbines and engines. The mobile table gives one factor per fuel and source: road vehicles by vehicle type and road type (urban, rural, highway), mopeds and motorcycles, air traffic below and above 3,000 feet, railways, national and international sea traffic, fishing, recreational craft, the military, and the machinery of industry, agriculture, forestry, households and gardening.

For electricity, DCE's page points to Energinet, which estimates the environmental declarations for Danish electricity. This library holds fuels only.

At a glance

Publisher: DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University
Kind: Research
Scope: Specialist
Home region: Denmark
Edition: 2024
Licence: Restricted licence (au-web-copyright-notice)

Open data

How this works

What open-climate.ai standardised

over the publisher's own fileHow we standardise

One category axis

1,160 of 1,160 factor values mapped to one category

1,160 keep the publisher's own classification too

Learn more 6 checks behind this

Coded regions

1 region as an ISO or registry code

1,160 take the publisher's default region, stated rather than assumed

Learn more 3 checks behind this

Canonical units

1 canonical unit in 1 unit families, raw unit kept

Learn more 4 checks behind this · 1 known limitation

Warming potentials

0 factor values recalculated on AR6

560 factor values already on AR6

600 factor values left on the publisher's GWP

Learn more 7 checks behind this · 1 known limitation

7 more things standardised

Declared boundaries

3 boundary codes

300 factor values state in, out or varies for each scope term

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Parts and parents

600 factor values grouped under 560 parents

Use a part on its own, or the parent when you want the whole.

Learn more 3 checks behind this

Estimated fuel legs

300 estimated supply-chain legs (well-to-tank) the publisher does not print

300 totals over burning and supply

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Data quality

1,160 of 1,160 factor values rated on one quality tier

Learn more 7 checks behind this

Languages

English: 100.0% of factor values

German: 100.0% of factor values

French: 100.0% of factor values

Learn more 11 checks behind this

Traceable to the source

571 source rows archived

11 rows skipped, each with a reason

Learn more 4 checks behind this

Stable addresses

Slugs never break

Learn more

Audit checks

117 passed2 known limitations3 enforced when loadedlast run 5 Oct 2026

Checks we run on every load to keep the data above trustworthy. Counts are for this library; the grey figure is the same check across all libraries. Point at the i to see why a check matters.

What the statuses mean How checks are counted Why we check How checks are grouped

Needs attention

A unit label that names no basis folds one way
Known limitation · 1 in this library · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters A label like GJ says nothing about the heating value behind it. If the same bare label folds to two different units, two factors that look alike are not comparable.
Values that exclude a carbon pool list the gases behind the total
Known limitation · 300 in this library · 50,262 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm that a fossil-only or biogenic-CO2-excluded total really leaves those pools out. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.

One category axis

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Every source category maps to our vocabulary
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters A factor with no category drops out of every category filter and comparison. The load stops rather than serve one.
The publisher's classification is kept
Passed
Why it matters You can still find a factor the way the publisher filed it, and check our mapping against theirs.
Every classification level has a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A broken tree hides factors from browse and puts them in the wrong category totals.
Every product code comes with the codes above it
Passed
Why it matters In product codes like HS or CPC, a search for a chapter should reach every code inside it. A missing level hides the factor from that search.
A publisher's own classification is used only by that publisher
Passed
Why it matters A publisher's own tree only makes sense inside its library. Filed under another publisher's codes, a factor would show up in categories that do not describe it.
A standard classification code has one label in every library
Passed
Why it matters Codes like NACE or NAICS are meant to link libraries. If one code carries two labels, you cannot tell whether both libraries mean the same activity.

Coded regions

Learn more

Every region is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Free text like “France continentale” cannot be filtered or joined to your own data. A code can.
No named region is filed under a broader one
Passed
Why it matters A French factor filed as World would be applied to the wrong country, or lose to a global value in a search for France.
Every region sits in the world hierarchy
Passed
Why it matters A search for Europe has to reach France. A region outside the hierarchy is invisible to broader searches.

Canonical units

Learn more

Every unit is a known code
Enforced when loaded
Why it matters Activity data only multiplies correctly when the unit is exact. An unknown unit stops the load.
One source unit maps to one unit
Passed
Why it matters If one of the publisher's units were read as two different units, factors that share it would give inconsistent footprints.
A unit label means the same in every library
Passed
Why it matters Comparing two libraries is only safe when a label like t.km means tonne-kilometre in both.
A unit label that names no basis folds one way
Known limitation · 1 in this library · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters A label like GJ says nothing about the heating value behind it. If the same bare label folds to two different units, two factors that look alike are not comparable.

Declared boundaries

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Every boundary states what it includes
Passed
Why it matters Cradle-to-gate and full life-cycle values can differ several times over. Without a stated boundary you cannot tell which you are adding up.
Boundary scope terms are known codes
Passed
Why it matters Consistent terms let you keep exactly the life-cycle stages your inventory needs.
No two factors for the same activity partly overlap in scope
Passed
Why it matters Two totals that share some stages but not all cannot safely be added or swapped: adding them counts the shared stages twice.
Separate stages of one activity are linked as parts
Passed
Why it matters Stages served as unrelated factors give no total, so you may use one stage and miss the others.
Every part of a factor states its boundary
Passed
Why it matters A part with an unknown boundary cannot be told apart from the other parts, so you cannot pick out, say, the combustion share of a total.
Every biofuel counted with its biogenic CO2 says how much
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers count the CO2 a burnt biofuel releases and others leave it out. Search tells the counting ones apart by their biogenic CO2 figure, so a factor without it would be offered to someone who asked to leave that CO2 out.
No recycling credit is hidden inside a life-cycle total
Passed
Why it matters A negative total may be a credit for avoided emissions. Filed as a life-cycle burden, it would quietly subtract emissions from your footprint.

Warming potentials

Learn more

Methane and nitrous oxide figures match the stated GWP
Passed
Why it matters If a gas's CO2e is not its mass times the stated GWP, the GWP label is wrong, and converting the value to another GWP version would give a wrong result.
Every convertible value has its AR6 version
Passed
Why it matters Reporting now asks for AR6. Mixing AR5 and AR6 shifts methane-heavy totals by several percent.
CO2e totals leave out what their basis excludes
Passed
Why it matters A value's basis names the carbon pools its total leaves out. When the gas breakdown shows the total counting one of them anyway (biogenic CO2, land-use change, or biogenic methane on a fossil-only value), the label or the total is wrong.
Values that exclude a carbon pool list the gases behind the total
Known limitation · 300 in this library · 50,262 in all libraries
Why it matters With no breakdown by gas, nothing can confirm that a fossil-only or biogenic-CO2-excluded total really leaves those pools out. The value rests on the publisher's word alone.
Standardised figures keep every gas the publisher lists
Passed
Why it matters The comparable figure we serve must carry each gas the publisher reported. A lost gas makes the breakdown disagree with the total and hides that gas from you.
Every value states what its CO2e total includes
Passed
Why it matters For a biofuel, a total with or without biogenic CO2 can differ widely. Without that convention you cannot tell which one you are comparing.
A library with no AR6 version at all has a recorded reason
Passed · 2 in all libraries
Why it matters Values that cannot be converted to AR6 cannot be compared with AR6 figures. That has to be a documented decision, not something missed at load.

Parts and parents

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Every part links to a valid parent
Passed
Why it matters A part that points nowhere gets summed twice or dropped when you use the parent total.
No factor is an unlinked part of another factor
Passed
Why it matters If one stage of a total is also served on its own, beside that total, adding both counts the same emissions twice.
Every factor points to its top parent
Passed · 1 in all libraries
Why it matters Search groups parts under their top factor. A stale link shows a part as a stand-alone result.

Estimated fuel legs

Learn more

No fuel estimate is served where the publisher printed the supply-chain figure
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher states the figure itself, theirs is the one to use. An estimate beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
No supply-chain estimate is served for a fuel we deliberately left out
Passed
Why it matters Some fuels are left out on purpose, for instance when no published supply-chain figure fits them. An estimate on one of them would be a number we decided not to stand behind.
Every fuel estimate is built only from data we may redistribute
Passed
Why it matters An estimate derived from restricted data would pass that data on under our open licence, which its owner never allowed.
No fuel supply-chain estimate is rated above what its method allows
Passed
Why it matters Each way of estimating a fuel's supply chain has a highest rating it can earn, and an estimate never outranks the combustion figure it builds on. A better rating would lead you to trust it more than it deserves.
Every fuel eligible for a supply-chain estimate is classified
Passed
Why it matters The supply-chain estimate depends on which fuel is burned. A fuel nobody has classified gets no estimate, so you would miss that part of its emissions without knowing why.
Every fuel supply-chain estimate still matches the figures it was computed from
Passed
Why it matters The estimate scales the publisher's combustion figure by a supply-chain ratio taken from other published data. When either is revised or withdrawn, the estimate is out of date until it is recomputed.
The text of each fuel supply-chain estimate matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters Its description states the year, the figures, the ratio and the quality behind the estimate. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.

Data quality

Learn more

Quality ratings fall inside their scale
Passed
Why it matters An out-of-scale rating cannot be compared, so the value would be ranked arbitrarily.
Every zero value is explained
Passed
Why it matters A zero can be real (contracted renewable power) or a gap in the data. A gap read as real erases emissions from your total.
No default value is withheld for poor quality
Passed
Why it matters A default rated too poor to serve is hidden from search and exports, so that factor is missing for you even when it is the right one.
No implausibly high per-kilogram value is rated reliable
Passed
Why it matters Above 1,000 kgCO2e per kg is often a unit slip, such as grams read as kilograms. Rated reliable, such a value could inflate a footprint a thousandfold.
Every quality level gives a recognised reason
Passed
Why it matters The reason explains why a value got its quality level. An unrecognised one cannot be filtered on or explained to you.
A zero that is only a gap in the source is withheld
Passed
Why it matters A zero with no quality signal, or an implausible regulatory default of zero, is more likely missing data than a real zero. Served, it would erase emissions from your total.
The library is not rated entirely on one fallback quality level
Passed
Why it matters When every value gets the same level because the publisher gives no quality signal, the level tells you nothing and cannot rank one value above another.

Languages

Learn more

Every factor has an English name
Passed
Why it matters Every factor can be searched and cited in one shared language, whatever the publisher's.
Translations match the current source text
Passed · 310 in all libraries
Why it matters When the publisher rewords a label, an old translation can describe a different activity than the one priced.
Translations follow a corrected source text
Passed · 4 in all libraries
Why it matters When we correct an English label, a French or German label translated from the old wording can still describe what the old wording said.
Recorded translations survive a reload
Passed · 5 in all libraries
Why it matters A reload rewrites a library's labels; a translation we recorded and did not put back leaves that factor without a label in that language.
Every served factor has a name
Passed
Why it matters A factor with no name in any language shows as a blank row: you cannot search for it or tell what it measures.
Factors are searched on their English name where one exists
Passed · 20 in all libraries
Why it matters Search matches your query against one name per factor. A name kept in the publisher's language, when an English one exists, is harder to find in English.
Every language with a main name also has a full name
Passed
Why it matters Without the full name, the detail that tells similar factors apart is missing in that language, so two different factors can look identical.
Full names are built from their parts in the same language
Passed
Why it matters A full name must read as the main name followed by its detail. Translated separately, it can drift and describe a slightly different activity.
Every text is labelled with its real language
Passed
Why it matters A French name labelled English would be shown to English readers and matched against English searches.
Every description is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters A description missing from the per-language text store is not shown in your language, and never gets translated.
Every usage note is available for display and translation
Passed
Why it matters Names and notes are served from one text store per language. A note missing from that store is not shown, and never gets translated.

Traceable to the source

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Values traced to one source row agree with each other
Passed
Why it matters Each value traces back to one source row. When values that disagree share a row, it can back only one of them, which weakens that audit trail.
No duplicate factors are served
Passed · 174 in all libraries
Why it matters Identical duplicates split search results and invite counting the same factor twice.
No factor value claims two things that cannot both be true
Passed · 3,243 in all libraries
Why it matters For example, a purchaser price that leaves out retail or delivery, or packaging on an energy unit. One of the two claims is wrong, and you cannot tell which.
No factor value the publisher has withdrawn is still served
Passed · 10,480 in all libraries
Why it matters The publisher's end date for the value has passed. The figure may be out of date, so look for a newer one before you use it.

Other checks

One activity keeps one family across its units
Passed · 9 in all libraries
Why it matters When a publisher prints the same activity per kg and per kWh, the two factors belong to one activity family, with the unit as a choice. Filed as separate activities, they look unrelated, and nothing says they measure the same thing.
An activity's grouping key names only the activity
Passed · 5 in all libraries
Why it matters If the key also carried the unit, country or scope, one activity would split into several, and search would not show you its other versions side by side.
A Creative Commons credit names its licence
Passed
Why it matters CC BY asks you to say which licence applies. A credit that leaves it out makes your attribution incomplete when you copy it.
No note of ours appears in the credit or licence notice
Passed
Why it matters Our own notes on how we handle the data would end up in the credit you reproduce, as if the publisher had written them.
The credit line carries no terms of use
Passed
Why it matters You copy the credit line as it stands. Terms of use belong in the licence notice, which you read rather than reproduce.
Every impact assessment method is a recognised code
Passed
Why it matters Free text in place of a code splits one method into several spellings, so filtering by method misses some of its values.
Summed totals keep their parts' classification
Passed
Why it matters A total takes a classification only when all its parts share it. Otherwise it lands in a category its parts do not support, or misses one they all share.
Every summed total has a classification when its parts do
Passed
Why it matters A total with no classification drops out of every category filter, even though its parts are filed there.
Green-electricity zeros are not rated below market-based peers
Passed
Why it matters A green-contract zero is the contract's own figure. Marked down for being zero, it would lose to less relevant values when you look up contracted supply.
An avoided credit is linked to the burden it belongs to
Passed
Why it matters Served on its own, a credit reads as a factor in its own right. Linked beside its burden, it applies only where it belongs and is never subtracted twice.
Every value is typed as specific, generic or average
Passed
Why it matters The type says how closely a figure fits the product you bought. Any other word would be invisible to a filter on it.
The market-based value is the default
Passed
Why it matters The default then matches the figure most Scope 2 reports lead with, and a green-tariff zero is never the default when another figure exists.
Summed totals equal their parts on every gas
Passed
Why it matters Where a total is the sum of its parts, the two must agree on every gas. Otherwise your footprint changes depending on whether you use the total or the parts.
Validity dates are the publisher's own, never guessed
Passed
Why it matters A start date we invented looks just like one the publisher printed, and would hide correct factor values from a search for what applied on a given date.
Quality breakdowns use their scheme's axes
Passed
Why it matters A score on an axis the scheme does not define, or off its scale, cannot be read, so the breakdown behind a rating would mislead.
No battery-electric vehicle carries tailpipe emissions
Passed
Why it matters An electric vehicle has no tailpipe. A non-zero combustion figure means its electricity emissions sit in the wrong place, or are counted twice.
The text of each estimated electricity total matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters The description of an estimated electricity total states its year, mix, quality and the parts it adds up. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
Every estimated factor carries its description in each language
Passed · 16 in all libraries
Why it matters An estimated factor is one we computed, not one a publisher printed. Its description says so and names the data behind it. Without it, you could not tell the estimate from a published figure.
The text of each estimated factor matches its current figures
Passed
Why it matters An estimated factor's description states the year, shares and quality behind it. If those moved, the text would explain a different number than the one served.
A total built on an estimated part is marked as estimated
Passed
Why it matters If the total lost the mark, you would read a figure we partly computed as one the publisher printed.
Every estimate is built only from data we may redistribute
Passed
Why it matters An estimate derived from restricted data would pass that data on under our open licence, which its owner never allowed.
No estimated factor is rated above the data it was built from
Passed
Why it matters An estimate cannot be more reliable than its inputs. Rating it higher would lead you to trust it more than a published figure.
No estimate sits beside a total of unclear scope
Passed
Why it matters When the publisher does not say whether its total includes a stage, our estimate of that stage may count it twice. These cases are listed for review.
No estimate repeats a stage the publisher's total already includes
Passed · 2 in all libraries
Why it matters If the publisher's figure already covers, say, grid losses, adding our estimate of those losses would count them twice and overstate your emissions.
Every factor we complete has all of its estimated parts
Passed · 7 in all libraries
Why it matters If one part, such as grid losses, is missing where the others were estimated, a total built from them silently leaves that part out.
No estimate is served where the publisher printed the figure
Passed · 25 in all libraries
Why it matters When the publisher states the number itself, theirs is the one to use. An estimate beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
We only estimate for publishers whose rule allows it
Passed
Why it matters Some publishers print every part themselves, or are deliberately left as they are. An estimate added to them would mix our numbers into theirs, against the rule set for that library.
Every estimated factor still matches the inputs it was computed from
Passed
Why it matters When an input is revised or withdrawn, the estimate built on it is out of date until it is recomputed.
No estimated total competes with a published one
Passed · 24 in all libraries
Why it matters Where the publisher prints a total for the same activity, region and year, an estimated total beside it would give you two answers to the same question.
Every factor with a current value has a default
Passed
Why it matters A factor with values but no default is left out of the served catalogue, so you would never find it in search or exports.
Every factor has a value, in a library that publishes values
Passed
Why it matters A factor listed with no number looks like a match in search but gives you nothing to calculate with.
Every tagged gas has a known GWP
Passed
Why it matters A kilogram of one named gas is restated in AR6 with that gas's own GWP. A tag the GWP table does not carry would leave the value unconverted, or convert it with the wrong number.
Every fixed group of regions lists what it covers
Passed
Why it matters A group like “Europe outside the EU” with no member list cannot be placed, so its factor values never match a search for any country in it.
Where both exist, the residual mix is shown before the green-tariff zero
Passed
Why it matters Green electricity counts as zero only for buyers who hold the matching certificates. Showing zero by default would understate everyone else's emissions.
Every green-electricity zero is a market-based value
Passed
Why it matters A zero from a green contract only holds for the buyer of that contract. Filed as location-based, it would put a zero on the physical grid.
Every electricity factor states its mix
Passed
Why it matters Without its mix you cannot tell a location-based figure from a market-based one, and Scope 2 reporting needs both side by side.
The newest edition of each value is the one marked current
Passed
Why it matters If an older edition stayed marked as current, you would get superseded numbers, or two answers for the same factor.
Every publisher has a rule on whether we estimate its missing parts
Passed
Why it matters For electricity and fuels we can estimate parts a publisher leaves out, such as grid losses or the fuel supply chain. Without a rule, a missing part could be a gap or a deliberate choice, so nothing is estimated until one is set.
Factor descriptions describe the factor, not the whole library
Passed
Why it matters When the same long text is repeated on every factor, it tells you nothing about the one you are looking at and hides what is specific to it.
Every library's licence has its rights recorded
Passed
Why it matters Without them, the library page cannot tell you what you may do with the data: share it, change it or use it commercially.
No fossil electricity mix has a zero fuel supply chain
Passed
Why it matters Electricity with fossil emissions always has a supply chain behind it: extracting and transporting the fuel. A zero there means the chain was priced from the wrong mix. Green power is the exception: its chain covers only biomass, and is a real zero on a grid that burns none.
Every green-electricity zero is exactly zero and says why
Passed
Why it matters A green-tariff factor is zero by rule. Any other number, or a zero with no stated reason, would mean the rule was applied wrongly.
Green-electricity zeros cover power generation only
Passed
Why it matters Certificates cover the power plant's emissions, not grid losses or the upstream fuel chain. A zero on those stages would understate your Scope 2 and Scope 3 figures.
Only a total we computed may mix GWP vintages
Passed
Why it matters A published row states one GWP vintage. A mix of AR5 and AR6 can only come from a total assembled out of several rows, and saying so tells you the number was computed, not published.
Spend factors state their price year and basis
Passed
Why it matters A 2019 euro is not a 2024 euro, and a purchaser price includes margins a basic price does not. Without both, spend footprints drift.
One default value per factor and year
Passed
Why it matters Two defaults for one year give two answers to the same lookup.
Every value has a number, a GWP version and a reference year
Passed
Why it matters Without the number there is nothing to multiply. Without the GWP version or the year, you cannot tell whether two values are comparable.
No factor description is too long to display in full
Passed · 28 in all libraries
Why it matters Text beyond the limit is cut short on the factor page, so part of what the publisher wrote shows only in the download.
The library-wide answers on what a factor covers are up to date
Passed
Why it matters Some questions, such as whether a figure includes transport, are answered once for a whole library. If the stored answers fall behind, a factor's details can tell you something we no longer state.
Every library-wide answer applies to at least one factor
Passed · 3 in all libraries
Why it matters An answer about a category or stage the library no longer covers changes nothing you see. It is listed so it can be removed.
Every excused arithmetic disagreement is stated
Passed
Why it matters Where a publisher's own total does not equal its parts and we serve it anyway, the exception is listed on every audit run rather than left in code where nobody sees it.
Every reference year falls between 1960 and next year
Passed
Why it matters A year outside that range points to a typo or a misread column, and would put the value in the wrong period when you filter by year.
The parts of a total are never listed twice under one label
Passed
Why it matters A group that repeats a part label is a list of terms, not a split of the total, so adding its rows up would count some emissions twice.
Every residual mix has its green-tariff counterpart
Passed
Why it matters Market-based Scope 2 reporting needs both: the residual mix for ordinary contracts and a zero for certified green power. With one missing, you have to find it elsewhere.
Every publisher's quality rating system is read
Passed
Why it matters If we do not read a publisher's rating system, its values are treated as unrated and marked down, although the publisher rated them.
Every factor is filed under the most specific category its source allows
Passed · 1,852 in all libraries
Why it matters Some factors sit in a broad category because their source covers several narrower ones. They are listed so a finer mapping can place them more precisely where the source allows it.
Every factor has a category
Passed
Why it matters A factor with no category drops out of every category filter and comparison. Without this check, a library with no category mapping would load unlabelled, and nothing would say so.
Every categorised factor has a GHG Protocol scope
Passed · 30 in all libraries
Why it matters Without a scope, you cannot tell whether the factor belongs in Scope 1, 2 or 3 of your inventory, and you have to place it yourself.
Single-gas values have their AR6 version
Passed · 5 in all libraries
Why it matters A kilogram of one refrigerant is worth its GWP, so it can be restated in AR6 exactly. Blends and untagged gases stay on their published vintage, which can move a leak's footprint by several percent or more.
No factor answers a question that does not arise for it
Passed · 5 in all libraries
Why it matters Some questions only make sense for some kinds of factor. An answer where the question should not arise is either misplaced, or a sign the kind is too coarse for that factor, so each case is reviewed.
A supplier named in the source is linked to the factor
Passed
Why it matters If the supplier is named but not linked, you cannot filter by supplier or tell a company's own figure from a generic one.
A part covering the same scope as its total is linked to it
Passed
Why it matters When a part and the total beside it cover exactly the same scope, nothing in the numbers tells them apart. Linking them stops you adding a part to the total that already contains it.
A year in a factor's name matches its reference year
Passed
Why it matters A name like “Grid 2019” on a 2023 value usually means a yearly series was flattened, so you could apply one year's figure to another.

How the audit works

What can I do with this data?

Restricted licence · credit the publisher

Your rights

Restricted licence · au-web-copyright-notice

Use it to calculate my own footprint: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
Publish my footprint results: Yes, if
you credit the publisher
Share the file with my customers: Ask Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy
Put the factors in a product I sell: Ask Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy
Modify it or combine it with my own data: Ask Aarhus University, DCE - Danish Centre for Environment and Energy

Publisher's published terms, checked on 1 Oct 2026

"The design and content of these web pages are protected according to current copyright and trademark laws, etc., and may neither be copied, altered nor reproduced in part or in whole without written permission from Aarhus University. It is permitted, however, to read, save or print the web pages for private use. Citing from web page texts is also permitted providing that this is done in accordance with established norms, that the length and content of the citation are appropriate for its purpose and that the citation is accompanied by a proper source reference." The emission factor tables carry no licence of their own.

Credit line

Source: DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. Emission factors used in the Danish national emission inventories, 2024. Normalised by open-climate.ai, https://open-climate.ai/factors/libraries/dce_denmark/ (CC BY 4.0)

Not legal advice: the publisher's terms prevail.

Full terms

How to read these answers

Coverage

Browse factors

top 0 matches

Saved	Unfold	Factor	Region	Boundary	Unit

Versions

How this works

Version	Published	Loaded	Status	Source
2024	2 Jan 2026	1 Oct 2026	Served	Source

Methodology

How this works

The tables print the mass of each gas per GJ of fuel input: CO2 in kg, methane and nitrous oxide in g. They print no CO2e and name no GWP set.
open-climate.ai computes the CO2e: fossil CO2, plus methane times 29.8 (27.0 on a fuel whose only carbon is biogenic), plus nitrous oxide times 273, the 100-year values of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report.
Values are served per kWh of fuel input, converted from per GJ at 0.0036. The energy is the net calorific value, as DCE's inventory report states for the stationary table.
In the stationary table an italic CO2 figure is biomass. We read that markup cell by cell: an italic figure is stored as biogenic CO2, an upright one as fossil CO2, and municipal waste, which prints both, keeps both parts. The mobile table prints fossil and biogenic CO2 in separate columns. Biogenic CO2 is kept out of the CO2e and carried as its own gas.
The stationary table's own notes describe three fuels: the wood factor is an average of firewood (98.7 kg CO2 per GJ), wood chips (105.6) and wood waste (99.7); municipal waste has a total CO2 factor of 93.5 kg per GJ, part of it fossil; gridded gas is a mix of fossil natural gas and biomethane. Those notes are the descriptions of the factors they name.
The reference year of a value is the inventory year the factors were applied to, 2024.

Data year: the inventory year the factors were applied to (2024), which the stationary-combustion file does not print. Never the date in the page footer.

What we import

Both greenhouse gas tables of data year 2024: 560 factors, one value each, all served. 449 come from the stationary table and 111 from the mobile table. All are for Denmark.
11 mobile rows print no emission value, for example LPG in fishing or kerosene on the railways. They are not loaded, and nothing they print is lost.
The stationary table names its fuels in capitals (NATURAL GAS, WOOD AND SIMIL.). Factor names use the fuel names of DCE's inventory report instead (Natural gas, Wood and similar wood wastes); the printed code is kept as a search tag. Mobile names are as printed. Every factor carries its SNAP code, the European source nomenclature national inventories use (SNAP 97), as a standard classification with all its levels: sector 01, sub-sector 0101, activity 010101. A code printed with a trailing 00, such as 010100 for public power, names the sub-sector itself, so it is filed at that level and the factor repeats no sub-sector. Some codes are Danish extensions the European list does not have: the industry branches 0304 to 0320, 010510 biogas upgrading and 0811 commercial and institutional machinery. The tables are in English only, so no Danish text is loaded; German and French names and descriptions are machine translated for every factor.
Each mobile row also carries a letter, A or P, which the table does not explain. DCE's inventory reports do: for air traffic, P is Copenhagen Airport, modelled as one large point source, and A is the other Danish airports, modelled as area sources. The letter is kept as part of the factor's identity, and the ten air traffic factors name the airports, for example "Jet fuel - Air traffic, Dom. < 3000 ft., Copenhagen Airport (point source)". For three of the five pairs the two airports print the same values.
Factors are placed in the open-climate.ai category tree under fuels: 77 gaseous fossil, 180 liquid fossil (LPG included), 63 solid fossil, 218 biofuels and 22 waste-derived fuels.
Not imported: the air pollutants the tables also print (SO2, NOx, NMVOC, CO, NH3, particulate matter and black carbon, kept with each source row in our archive), the heavy metal, PAH and non-exhaust particle tables, and earlier data years.

The tables print combustion only. Beside each fossil fuel factor, open-climate.ai adds an estimated well-to-tank leg (the emissions of extracting, processing and transporting the fuel) and a well-to-use total, each as its own factor marked as an estimate. The leg is the published combustion factor times the ratio of well-to-tank to combustion emissions for the same fuel. Natural gas, coal and LNG take the EU average of the JEC Well-to-Tank report (version 5, for 2020); the other fossil fuels take the ratio from the UK Government's 2026 greenhouse gas conversion factors. 300 of the 560 factors get a leg, every one rated very low quality. Biofuels get no leg: the combustion value leaves out their biogenic CO2, so a multiple of it means nothing. Nor do municipal and industrial waste, whose chain belongs to the waste's first life, and fuels for which no source prints both a combustion and a well-to-tank figure: coke oven coke, fly ash and GTL. The legs and totals are restricted, like the DCE factors they are built from, and carry the same terms. DCE's own numbers are unchanged: leave out estimated factors (is_estimated) to keep them only. How the fuel legs are estimated.

Licence

How this works

Restricted. The tables carry no licence of their own. The Aarhus University website notice says its pages "may neither be copied, altered nor reproduced in part or in whole without written permission from Aarhus University", and allows reading, saving and printing for private use and citing with a proper source reference. Using the factors for your own footprint and publishing results with attribution are allowed; sharing the values with customers, embedding them in a product, and modifying or combining them need DCE's written permission, which we have asked for. Attribution: "Source: DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. Emission factors used in the Danish national emission inventories, 2024." Last verified 2026-10-01.

What can I do with this data?

Credit line: Source: DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. Emission factors used in the Danish national emission inventories, 2024.

au-web-copyright-notice

The design and content of these web pages are protected according to current copyright and trademark laws, etc., and may neither be copied, altered nor reproduced in part or in whole without written permission from Aarhus University. It is permitted, however, to read, save or print the web pages for private use. Citing from web page texts is also permitted providing that this is done in accordance with established norms, that the length and content of the citation are appropriate for its purpose and that the citation is accompanied by a proper source reference.

Limitations

These are national inventory factors, averaged per fuel and technology. A plant that measures its own fuel and emissions has better numbers.
DCE prints no upstream emissions. The estimated well-to-tank legs we add cover the fossil fuels at very low quality, and are in CO2e on the GWP set of their source (AR4 for the JEC ratios, AR5 for the UK ones). Biofuels, waste, coke oven coke, fly ash and GTL have none.
The net calorific basis is stated for the stationary table only. Applying a factor to energy billed on a gross basis overstates emissions.
Fly ash prints the same CO2 as coal (95.13 kg per GJ), while DCE's 2023 inventory report prints 94.51. It is loaded as printed.
The CO2 of some fuels is a fixed national value, while methane and nitrous oxide move with the technology: natural gas runs from 57.4 to 71.6 kg CO2e per GJ depending on the plant.
553 values are rated medium quality, the rating of the Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish and German inventory factors: national averages per fuel and technology, not measured at your plant. The 7 mobile factors the table marks as Tier 1, the IPCC default method, are rated low. How quality tiers are set.
Industrial waste prints 46.1 kg of fossil and 47.4 kg of biogenic CO2 per GJ, the same split as municipal waste. DCE's inventory report explains why: the fuel is burnt at a single cement plant, whose own data are confidential, so the municipal waste factors stand in for it.
One data year is loaded. The source URLs are overwritten every January, and the 2021 and 2022 stationary tables are no longer online.

Some values differ from other sources. All of these are loaded exactly as DCE prints them. Each is a Danish national value, several of them taken from the plant data reported under the EU Emissions Trading System, so they can differ from the IPCC defaults and from other countries' inventories.

LPG: 64.8 kg CO2 per GJ on 28 rows, but 67.39 on the process furnaces of petroleum refineries (SNAP 010306), a value taken from the refineries' own data.
Natural gas: 57.1 kg CO2 per GJ on 62 rows, but 57.46 on the gas turbines of oil and gas extraction (SNAP 010504). DCE's report for data year 2023 shows the same gap (57.52 against 57.14).
Gasoline: 73.0 kg CO2 per GJ, 5.3% above the IPCC default of 69.3. Aviation gasoline: also 73.0, 4.3% above the IPCC default of 70.0.
Petroleum coke: 93.0 kg CO2 per GJ, 4.6% below the IPCC default of 97.5 and below every other library we hold.
Biogas: 81.9 kg of biogenic CO2 per GJ, where other libraries print 54.6 to 56.1. It is biogenic, so it is carried as its own gas and stays out of the CO2e.
Mineral wool plants (SNAP 030701): 40 g of nitrous oxide per GJ on all six fuels, a plant-specific value far above the usual combustion factor. DCE's report for data year 2023 printed 46.

Changelog

2026-10-01: data year 2024 loaded (stationary table of 31 December 2025, mobile table of 2 January 2026).
2026-10-04: SNAP codes added as a classification; the A and P letters of air traffic named as the two kinds of airport; quality rating aligned with the other Nordic inventories (medium, Tier 1 low); every factor translated into German and French; values that differ from other sources documented.
2026-10-05: estimated well-to-tank legs and well-to-use totals added beside the fossil fuel combustion factors, restricted like them.

Know a newer edition?

If DCE has published an edition we do not serve yet, tell us where to find it.